Towards the global phylogeny of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales)

在世界各地的森林生态系统中，红木属植物作为真菌菌根共生体发挥着重要作用。这是一种分类难度很高的蘑菇属，有2000多种已描述的物种，形态学和分子研究主要集中在北半球分类群，特别是来自欧洲和北美的分类群。然而，初步的分子研究表明，南半球和亚洲的物种对于有效地重建海参的系统发育关系至关重要。因此，拟议的研究项目涉及原始形态和分子分析的创新结合，包括对中美洲、南半球和亚洲螺种的代表性取样。形态学分析将包括比较大形态学、解剖学和超微结构检查。分子分析将包括rDNA（选定物种的核大亚基，ITS和IGS）的测序，为了解决更高的亚属群，也包括蛋白质编码DNA （ATP6和RPB2基因），以及使用广泛的先进技术进行系统发育分析。形态学、生态学和化学数据（色素化学）将是解释我们系统发育假说的基础。该项目的研究结果将为建立一个新的、以系统发育为导向的真菌分类系统奠定基础，并有助于更好地了解该真菌类群的系统发育关系和进化过程，包括不同地理区域间物种形成率的变化以及关于基础分类群、替代种、生态亚种和全球分布模式的假设。

Species of Cortinarius play a key role as fungal mycorrhizal symbionts in forest ecosystems all over the world. Morphological and molecular studies in this taxonomically highly difficult genus of gilled mushrooms with more than 2000 described species have focused on northern hemispheric taxa, particularly from Europe and North America. Preliminary molecular studies, however, indicate that the southern hemispheric and Asian species are crucial for a valid reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships in Cortinarius. The proposed research project therefore involves an innovative combination of original morphological and molecular analyses including a representative sampling of Central American, southern hemispheric and Asian Cortinarius species. The morphological analyses will comprise comparative macromorphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural examinations. The molecular analyses will include sequencing of rDNA (nuclear large subunit, ITS, and also IGS of selected species) and, in order to resolve higher subgeneric groups, also protein-coding DNA (ATP6 and RPB2 genes), and phylogenetic analyses using a broad spectrum of advanced techniques. Morphological, ecological, and chemical data (pigment chemistry) will be the base for the interpretation of our phylogenetic hypotheses. Results of this project will be the fundament of a new, phylogenetically oriented classification system for the genus Cortinarius and contribute to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes in this fungal group, including variation in speciation rates among different geographical regions and hypotheses about basal taxa, vicarious species, ecological subspecies and distributional patterns in a worldwide context.