SPP 1400: Early Monumentality and Social Differentiation. The Origin and Development of Neolithic Large-Scale Buildings and the Earliest Complex Societies in Northern Central Europe

公元前五千年和前四千年欧洲不同地区的演变过程被视为整个欧洲历史和景观的形成过程。正是在这个时期，新石器时代的社区开始在地面上建造纪念碑，并用土围墙标记它们的中心位置。这些发展可以看作是由于生存和交换系统以及仪式取向的变化所导致的社会进程的结果。优先方案将首次提供机会，系统地和跨学科地研究中欧北部区域不同规模的这些进程。在这样做的过程中，有关社会分化的问题将得到解决，与纪念性的起源有关。因此，住区考古学和社会考古学对优先方案特别重要：(1)有必要对住区结构进行评价，以评估简单住区、围场、仓库、简单和纪念性坟墓之间的关系。(2)新石器时代（漏斗烧杯）群落的区域群体之间的交换关系及其动态必须在生产和分配模式方面进行调查。(3)新石器时代社会分化的过程必须通过物质文化研究和仓库、坟墓和定居点的空间设置来调查。在这些方面，跨学科战略是确定所提到主题的基本要求。对新的考古来源材料进行有针对性的系统评估，并结合生物、地理、材料和社会科学以及人文科学的方法，将构成历史解释的基础。这些调查建立在有关项目之间严格的合作原则的基础上，目的是不仅在数据获取过程中，而且在数据的处理和使用过程中实现透明度和平等。综合所有现有的和新获得的数据，并从生态、社会历史和文化人类学的角度作出解释，将使人们能够适当地了解上述进程。

Processes evolving in different European regions in the 5th and 4th millennium BC have to be seen as formative for the whole European history and landscape. It was the time when Neolithic communities started erecting above ground monuments and marking their central places with earthen enclosures. These developments may are to be seen as the outcome of social processes resulting from changing systems of subsistence and exchange as well as ritual orientations. The Priority Programme will for the first time provide the opportunity to systematically and interdisciplinarily study these processes in the region of Northern Central Europe at different scales. In doing so, questions concerning social differentiation will be addressed, connected to the genesis of monumentality. Thus, settlement archaeology and social archaeology are especially important for the Priority Programme: (1) An evaluation of settlement structures is necessary to assess the relations between simple settlements, enclosures, depots, simple and monumental graves. (2) The exchange relations and their dynamics between regional groups of the Neolithic (funnel beaker) communities have to be investigated in regard to patterns of production and distribution. (3) The processes of social differentiation within the Neolithic communities have to be investigated via material culture studies and the spatial settings of depots, graves and settlement finds. In these respects an interdisciplinary strategy is a basic requirement for the identification of the topics mentioned. A well-directed systematic assessment of new archaeological source materials together with the combined application of methods from the bio-, geo-, materials and social sciences as well as the humanities will form the basis for historical interpretations. The investigations build upon a stringent cooperation principle between the projects involved aiming for transparency and equality not only in the process of data acquisition but also the processing and use of data. The synthesis of all currently available and newly acquired data with interpretations from an ecological, socio-historical and cultural anthropological perspective will enable a proper understanding of the processes mentioned.