Cartographic Circuits Of Knowledge In The 'Age Of Discovery' (1400-1700) And Their Impact On The Construction Of Ocean Space

在欧洲扩张的全球历史上，16世纪之交的特点是西方探险家的发现，标志着欧洲地图学的声望和影响达到了新的水平。对海洋空间的了解和利用是这个所谓的“发现时代”的核心。该项目将研究欧洲人如何从西方而不是东方进入，只是加入了既定的海洋路线和空间。这些“新”空间是多元文化建筑，是东方主义和西方主义在不断扩大的全球海洋网络下的产物。通过挖掘知识的地图回路，我们有可能“发现”这些联系在这段时间内是如何变化的，以及它们对构建的海洋空间的影响。中心研究问题是：谁和什么组成了制图知识回路；这些回路如何提供关于海洋空间的概念性和代表性的想法；这些网络在地图学影响力的上升中发挥了什么作用？该项目将对印度洋周围的这些环路如何在“发现时代”(1400-1700年)内构建海洋空间进行深入调查。它探索了东西方海洋旅行者之间的互动，特别是欧洲人、奥斯曼人、阿拉伯人和中国人之间的互动，创造了地图电路，现有的物质文化证明了这一点。“发现时代”使欧洲的地理知识发生了革命性的变化，而印度洋则代表着第一个全球海洋网络，没有一个国家声称在该网络中占据绝对主导地位。尽管《印度洋》和《发现时代》具有误导性或不合时宜的性质，但它们为该项目提供了简洁的参数。与其说它是一个殖民成功的时空，不如说它是一个远远超出欧洲的网络竞技场。郑和的海上探险(1405-1433)几乎覆盖了整个印度洋，通过海上政治的朝贡形成了联系。伊斯兰社区意味着阿吉的朝圣活动是周期性的，创造了其他多元文化的互动。这个项目是第一个通过地图知识回路的镜头来考虑这些联系的项目。它建立在批判性地图学的基础上，将空间视为一种社会产品，并通过以海洋空间为中心，阐明了被国家等霸权类别掩盖的互动(Lefebvre，1974；Bentley，1999；Steinberg，2001)。它符合当前的海洋研究，认为印度洋是一个由人员、物体和历史力量的运动和交换而形成的凝聚力单元(Braudel，1949；Chaudhuri，1985；Pearson，2003；O‘Doherty，2009)。它将解决对制图电路如何影响海洋空间结构的关注不足的问题，补充考虑棉花贸易或殖民通信模式如何影响空间的历史联网研究(Chaudhuri，1985；Peera，1999；Machado，2018)。方法论将集中于探索网络，特别是传播学和实物传记。传记学使用预先定义的来源基础上的设定问题来分析社会流动性，确定他们的社会现实和他们所持有的文化地位(Stone，1971；Keats-Rohan，2007)。通过使用这一点，例如在一套机构中存放的一系列地图，整个集体的共同特征与传达空间想法的网络链接一起被揭示出来。《客体传记》通过追踪来源的‘生命周期’，研究其在‘出生’、‘生’和‘死’上的意义，对此加以赞扬(Kopytoff，1986；Appachuri，1986；喜悦，2009)。这种物质交换揭示了人与物之间的关系，将他们在文化环境中的位置联系起来。我将利用地图和地理资源和材料，如航海地图、港口图、航行日志和已出版的集合，如solarii。将利用由国会图书馆、Bodleian图书馆、国家海事研究所和大英图书馆提供的数字化档案，并印刷手稿收藏。

In global histories of European expansion, turn of 16th Century is characterised by Western explorers 'discoveries', marking new levels of prestige and influence for cartography in Europe. Knowledge of and access to oceanic space was central to this so-called 'Age of Discovery'. The project will examine how, approaching from the West rather than the East, Europeans were simply joining established oceanic routes and spaces. These 'new' spaces were multicultural constructions, a product of expanding global maritime networks, of Orientalism and Occidentalism. By excavating cartographic circuits of knowledge, it is possible to 'discover' how these links changed within this period, and their impact on constructed ocean space. Central research questions are: who and what made up cartographic circuits of knowledge; how did these circuits inform conceptual and representational ideas of ocean space; what role did these networks play in cartography's rise in influence? The project will provide an in-depth investigation of how these circuits surrounding the Indian Ocean constructed ocean space within the 'Age of Discovery' (1400-1700). It explores how Oriental-Occidental oceanic interactions between travellers, specifically European, Ottoman, Arabian and Chinese, created cartographic circuits, evidenced by existing material culture. The 'Age of Discovery' revolutionised European geographic knowledge, whilst the Indian Ocean represents the first global maritime network, where no nation claimed total dominance. Despite their misleading or anachronistic nature, 'Indian Ocean' and 'Age of Discovery' provide succinct parameters for the project. Rather than being a time and space of colonial success, it was an arena of networks far beyond the European. Zheng He's maritime expeditions (1405-1433) covered almost the entirety of the Indian Ocean, forming links through tributary offerings from maritime polities. Islamic communities meant Haji pilgrimages occurred cyclically, creating other multicultural interactions. This project is the first to consider these links through the lens of cartographic circuits of knowledge. It builds on critical cartography, taking space as a social product and, by centring ocean space, illuminates interactions concealed by hegemonic categories like nation (Lefebvre, 1974; Bentley, 1999; Steinberg, 2001). It fits current oceanic research perceiving the Indian Ocean as a cohesive unit, created by the movement and exchange of people, objects and historical forces (Braudel, 1949; Chaudhuri, 1985; Pearson, 2003; O'Doherty, 2009). It will address insufficient focus on how cartographic circuits influenced oceanic spatial constructions, complementing historical networking research considering how the cotton trade or modes of colonial communication affected space (Chaudhuri, 1985; Peera, 1999; Machado, 2018). Methodologies will centre on exploring networks, specifically prosopography and object biography. Prosopography uses set questions on pre-defined source bases to analyse social mobility, identifying their social reality and the cultural position they held (Stone, 1971; Keats-Rohan, 2007). By using this on, eg a series of maps housed at a set institution, common characteristics across the collective are revealed alongside network links that informed spatial ideas. Object biography compliments this by tracking a source's 'lifecycle', investigating its meaning over its 'birth', 'life' and 'death' (Kopytoff, 1986; Appachuri, 1986; Joy 2009). This material exchange reveals relationships between people and objects, contextualising their position within the cultural milieu. I will draw on cartographic and geographic sources and materials, ie nautical maps, portolan charts, navigational logs and published collections such as isolarii. Digitised archives, provided by the Library of Congress, the Bodleian Library, National Maritime Institution and the British Library, will be utilised and printed manuscript collections.