Cartographic Circuits Of Knowledge In The 'Age Of Discovery' (1400-1700) And Their Impact On The Construction Of Ocean Space

“大航海时代”（1400-1700）的知识制图线路及其对海洋空间建设的影响

• 批准号: 2778460
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Queen's University Belfast
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2778460
• 关键词: Cartographic; Circuits; Knowledge; Age; Discovery

In global histories of European expansion, turn of 16th Century is characterised by Western explorers 'discoveries', marking new levels of prestige and influence for cartography in Europe. Knowledge of and access to oceanic space was central to this so-called 'Age of Discovery'. The project will examine how, approaching from the West rather than the East, Europeans were simply joining established oceanic routes and spaces. These 'new' spaces were multicultural constructions, a product of expanding global maritime networks, of Orientalism and Occidentalism. By excavating cartographic circuits of knowledge, it is possible to 'discover' how these links changed within this period, and their impact on constructed ocean space. Central research questions are: who and what made up cartographic circuits of knowledge; how did these circuits inform conceptual and representational ideas of ocean space; what role did these networks play in cartography's rise in influence? The project will provide an in-depth investigation of how these circuits surrounding the Indian Ocean constructed ocean space within the 'Age of Discovery' (1400-1700). It explores how Oriental-Occidental oceanic interactions between travellers, specifically European, Ottoman, Arabian and Chinese, created cartographic circuits, evidenced by existing material culture. The 'Age of Discovery' revolutionised European geographic knowledge, whilst the Indian Ocean represents the first global maritime network, where no nation claimed total dominance. Despite their misleading or anachronistic nature, 'Indian Ocean' and 'Age of Discovery' provide succinct parameters for the project. Rather than being a time and space of colonial success, it was an arena of networks far beyond the European. Zheng He's maritime expeditions (1405-1433) covered almost the entirety of the Indian Ocean, forming links through tributary offerings from maritime polities. Islamic communities meant Haji pilgrimages occurred cyclically, creating other multicultural interactions. This project is the first to consider these links through the lens of cartographic circuits of knowledge. It builds on critical cartography, taking space as a social product and, by centring ocean space, illuminates interactions concealed by hegemonic categories like nation (Lefebvre, 1974; Bentley, 1999; Steinberg, 2001). It fits current oceanic research perceiving the Indian Ocean as a cohesive unit, created by the movement and exchange of people, objects and historical forces (Braudel, 1949; Chaudhuri, 1985; Pearson, 2003; O'Doherty, 2009). It will address insufficient focus on how cartographic circuits influenced oceanic spatial constructions, complementing historical networking research considering how the cotton trade or modes of colonial communication affected space (Chaudhuri, 1985; Peera, 1999; Machado, 2018). Methodologies will centre on exploring networks, specifically prosopography and object biography. Prosopography uses set questions on pre-defined source bases to analyse social mobility, identifying their social reality and the cultural position they held (Stone, 1971; Keats-Rohan, 2007). By using this on, eg a series of maps housed at a set institution, common characteristics across the collective are revealed alongside network links that informed spatial ideas. Object biography compliments this by tracking a source's 'lifecycle', investigating its meaning over its 'birth', 'life' and 'death' (Kopytoff, 1986; Appachuri, 1986; Joy 2009). This material exchange reveals relationships between people and objects, contextualising their position within the cultural milieu. I will draw on cartographic and geographic sources and materials, ie nautical maps, portolan charts, navigational logs and published collections such as isolarii. Digitised archives, provided by the Library of Congress, the Bodleian Library, National Maritime Institution and the British Library, will be utilised and printed manuscript collections.

在欧洲扩张的全球历史中，16世纪初是西方探险家的“发现”的标志，标志着欧洲制图学的声望和影响力达到了新的水平。对海洋空间的了解和进入是这个所谓的“发现时代”的核心。该项目将研究欧洲人是如何从西方而不是东方进入已建立的海洋航线和空间的。这些“新”空间是多元文化的建筑，是不断扩大的全球海洋网络、东方主义和西方主义的产物。通过挖掘地图的知识回路，有可能“发现”这些联系在这一时期是如何变化的，以及它们对构建的海洋空间的影响。研究的核心问题是：谁和什么构成了地图知识的循环；这些电路是如何为海洋空间的概念性和代表性思想提供信息的？这些网络在地图学影响力的上升中扮演了什么角色？该项目将深入研究在“发现时代”（1400-1700年），这些环绕印度洋的环路是如何构建海洋空间的。它探讨了东西方旅行者之间的海洋互动，特别是欧洲人、奥斯曼人、阿拉伯人和中国人之间的互动，如何创造了现有物质文化所证明的地图线路。“大航海时代”彻底改变了欧洲的地理知识，而印度洋则代表了第一个没有国家声称完全占据主导地位的全球海洋网络。尽管“印度洋”和“发现时代”具有误导性或不合时宜的性质，但它们为项目提供了简洁的参数。它不是殖民成功的时间和空间，而是一个远远超出欧洲的网络舞台。郑和的海上探险（1405-1433）几乎覆盖了整个印度洋，通过海上政治的贡品形成了联系。伊斯兰社区意味着朝觐是周期性的，创造了其他多元文化的互动。这个项目是第一个通过地图知识回路来考虑这些联系的项目。它建立在批判性制图学的基础上，将空间视为一种社会产品，并通过以海洋空间为中心，阐明了被国家等霸权类别所掩盖的相互作用（Lefebvre, 1974; Bentley, 1999; Steinberg, 2001）。它符合当前的海洋研究，认为印度洋是一个有凝聚力的单位，由人、物和历史力量的运动和交换创造（Braudel, 1949; Chaudhuri, 1985; Pearson, 2003； O'Doherty, 2009）。它将解决对地图线路如何影响海洋空间结构的关注不足，补充考虑棉花贸易或殖民通信模式如何影响空间的历史网络研究（Chaudhuri, 1985; Peera, 1999; Machado, 2018）。方法将集中在探索网络上，特别是人物学和对象传记。Prosopography使用预先定义的来源基础上的一系列问题来分析社会流动性，确定他们的社会现实和他们所持有的文化地位（Stone, 1971; Keats-Rohan, 2007）。通过使用这种方法，例如在一个固定的机构中放置的一系列地图，揭示了整个集体的共同特征，以及为空间思想提供信息的网络链接。实物传记通过追踪一个来源的“生命周期”，调查其“出生”、“生命”和“死亡”的意义来补充这一点（Kopytoff, 1986; apachuri, 1986; Joy 2009）。这种物质交换揭示了人与物体之间的关系，将他们在文化环境中的地位置于语境中。我将绘制地图和地理资源和材料，即航海地图，portolan海图，航海日志和出版的集合，如isolarii。由美国国会图书馆、博德利图书馆、国家海事研究所和大英图书馆提供的数字化档案将被利用，并将印刷手稿收藏。