The basic research on the historical development of the residential architecture in the cities of eastern Japan.

在全国范围内对民房和城市景观的研究，开始厘清民房的地理分布、历史发展及其对边缘地区的影响。本研究可以通过使用两个指标对日本东部城市住宅建筑的研究和MACHIYA（字面上的联排别墅，或主入口面向街道的商人住宅）的分类做出贡献。一个是楼层分区。二是屋面形式与入口的关系。HIRA-IRI是山墙末端与入口成直角的类型。TSUMA-IRI是入口位于山墙末端同一侧的类型。从北陆地区到日本海一侧的新泻县南部，HIRA-IRI是主要类型。与此相反，从山形北部到日本海一侧的北海道，TSUMA-IRI是日本的主要类型。然而，可以追溯到江户早期的tuma - iri是关东中部的Numata市和日本海边的坂田市的主要类型，在tuma - iri占主导地位，在市中心的大型住宅中可以看到hama - iri。总体而言，在发达地区（京都）以tama - iri为主的hama - iri逐渐向江户时期以tama - iri为主的欠发达地区（日本东部）扩散。在这个过程中，在一些城市，HIRA-IRI仅被富裕的商人作为地位的象征而接受，而在其他城市，它已经完全取代了tuma - iri。至于楼面分区，将其分为两类，可进一步加深对楼面分区的了解；在京都常见的普通町屋中流行的TOORIDOMA-ICHIRETSU型（沿土巷通行的排房型）和起源于富商町屋的TOORIDOMA-NIRETSU型（沿土巷的双排房型）。

The nation-wide research on MINKA (folk-style houses) and MACHINAMI (urban landscape) is beginning to clarify geographical distribution of MINKA, its historical development and its influence upon marginal areas. This research could contribute towards the research on the residential architecture in the cities of eastern Japan and the classification of MACHIYA (literally townhouse, or the residence of merchants with its main entrance facing the street) by using two indices. One is floor-level zoning. The other is the relation between the roof form and the entrance. HIRA-IRI is the type in which the gable-end makes a right angle with the entrance. TSUMA-IRI is the type in which the entrance is on the same side of the gable-end.HIRA-IRI is the main type seen from Hokuriku district to southern Niigata prefecture on the Japan Sea side. In contrast, TSUMA-IRI is the main type from northern Yamagata to Hokkaido on the Japan Sea side of Japan. However, TSUMA-IRI which could be traced back to the early Edo is the main type in the city of Numata in central Kanto and in the city of Sakata on the Japan Sea side where TSUMA-IRI is dominant, HIRA-IRI was seen among large-scale residences in the city center.In general, HIRA-IRI which was the major type at the advanced area (KYOTO) had gradually spread to under-developed areas (eastern Japan) where TSUMA-IRI was dominant in the Edo period. In this process, HIRA-IRI was accepted only among wealthy merchants as the status symbol in some cities whereas in other cities it had completely replaced TSUMA-IRI.In regards to floor-level zoning, its understanding would be further enhanced by classifying it into two types; TOORIDOMA-ICHIRETSU type (the row room type along the earthen alley for traffic) which is typically seen in Kyoto and became popular among ordinary MACHIYA and TOORIDOMA-NIRETSU type (the double row room type along the earthen alley) originated among MACHIYA of wealthy merchants.