The basic research on the historical development of the residential architecture in the cities of eastern Japan.

日本东部城市住宅建筑历史发展的基础研究。

• 批准号: 59550407
• 负责人: TAMAI Tetsuo
• 金额: $ 1.22万
• 依托单位: The Department of Technology of University of Chiba
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1984
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1984 至 1986
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-59550407/
• 关键词: Townhouse; Urban landscape; Early modern city; Tsuma-iri; Hira-iri; Lot plan; 平入

The nation-wide research on MINKA (folk-style houses) and MACHINAMI (urban landscape) is beginning to clarify geographical distribution of MINKA, its historical development and its influence upon marginal areas. This research could contribute towards the research on the residential architecture in the cities of eastern Japan and the classification of MACHIYA (literally townhouse, or the residence of merchants with its main entrance facing the street) by using two indices. One is floor-level zoning. The other is the relation between the roof form and the entrance. HIRA-IRI is the type in which the gable-end makes a right angle with the entrance. TSUMA-IRI is the type in which the entrance is on the same side of the gable-end.HIRA-IRI is the main type seen from Hokuriku district to southern Niigata prefecture on the Japan Sea side. In contrast, TSUMA-IRI is the main type from northern Yamagata to Hokkaido on the Japan Sea side of Japan. However, TSUMA-IRI which could be traced back to the early Edo is the main type in the city of Numata in central Kanto and in the city of Sakata on the Japan Sea side where TSUMA-IRI is dominant, HIRA-IRI was seen among large-scale residences in the city center.In general, HIRA-IRI which was the major type at the advanced area (KYOTO) had gradually spread to under-developed areas (eastern Japan) where TSUMA-IRI was dominant in the Edo period. In this process, HIRA-IRI was accepted only among wealthy merchants as the status symbol in some cities whereas in other cities it had completely replaced TSUMA-IRI.In regards to floor-level zoning, its understanding would be further enhanced by classifying it into two types; TOORIDOMA-ICHIRETSU type (the row room type along the earthen alley for traffic) which is typically seen in Kyoto and became popular among ordinary MACHIYA and TOORIDOMA-NIRETSU type (the double row room type along the earthen alley) originated among MACHIYA of wealthy merchants.

在全国范围内对民居和城市景观的研究开始弄清民卡的地理分布、历史发展及其对边缘地区的影响。这项研究有助于研究日本东部城市的居住建筑，并使用两个指数对mchiya(字面意思是联排别墅，即正门朝街的商人住宅)进行分类。一个是楼层分区。二是屋面形式与入口处的关系。Hira-IRI是山墙末端与入口处成直角的类型。TSuma-IRI是入口在山墙末端同一侧的类型。HIRA-IRI是从北国地区到日本海一侧的新泻县南部的主要类型。相比之下，TSuma-IRI是从山形北部到日本日本海一侧的北海道的主要类型。然而，可追溯到江户时代早期的东京IRI是关东中部的Numata市和日本海边的Sakata市的主要类型，TSuma-IRI占主导地位，Hira-IRI出现在市中心的大型住宅中。总体来说，作为先进地区(京都)的主要类型的Hira-IRI逐渐蔓延到江户时代以TSuma-IRI为主的欠发达地区(日本东部)。在这个过程中，Hira-IRI只在一些城市的富商中被接受为身份象征，而在其他城市，它已经完全取代了TSuma-IRI。关于楼层分区，它的理解将进一步加强，将其分为两种类型：TOORIDOMA-ICHIRETSU类型(用于交通的土巷沿线的排房型)，这是典型的在京都看到的，在普通Mchiya中流行，以及TOORIDOMA-NIRETSU型(土巷沿线的双排房型)起源于富商的Mchiya。