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少雪寒冷地流域の土壌特性が融雪流出に及ぼす影響に関する実証的研究

寒冷少雪地区盆地土壤特性对融雪径流影响的实证研究

基本信息

批准号：
09650559
负责人：
HAYAKAWAWA Hiroshi
金额：
$ 2.05万
依托单位：
Kitami Institute of Technology
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09650559/
关键词：
Snowmelt runoff Frozen Soil Cold and snowy region Runoff Model Water balance Water equivalent Energy balance 熱収支モデル気温

项目摘要

In Hokkaido, we have often experienced ground surface freezing during the winter like as Canada, North America in the subarctic zone. It shows that the effects of frozen soil on the snowmelt runoff got the runoff percentage larger than one of the rainfall runoff, that is, it was similar phenomenon as the urbanizing the basin. The Tomisato dam experimental basin, located in the eastern part of Hokkaido, Kitami City, was set up to clarify the effects of frozen soil on the snowmelt runoff.The main results and remarks are indicated as follows.(1) It was pointed out that the swell of long wavelength of hydrograph occurred in the beginning snowmelt season with the more frozen soil depth increasing. On the other hand, this phenomenon Was rarely recognized in the case of few frozen soil depth. Moreover, in this basin the diurnal change of snowmelt runoff, which has often observed in generally basin, was rarely recognized except in the maximum snowmelt season.(2) By multiple regression analysis, the frost depth is good relationship between freezing index, snow depth and melting index, and the max value of frost depth is dependent upon the accumulate rainfall at autumn season.(3) To make clear the effects of frozen soil on the snowmelt runoff, we construct 4×3 zoned tank model, which can consider the spatially distributed frost depth and snow depth at this site, by including the above frost dept prediction model. As a result, it is possible in snowmelt season to occur overland flow at the hillslopes because of reducing infiltration capacity of ground surface by soil freezing.(4) For estimating the snowmelt, we proposed the Degree-Hour method with considering the snowmelt-refreezing at the snow surface layer. By considering the snowmelt-refreezing, it is possible to estimate the delay of snowmelt start.

在北海道，我们经常经历地面冻结在冬季像加拿大，北美在亚北极地区。结果表明，冻土对融雪径流的影响使其所占比例大于降雨径流，即与流域城市化过程中的相似现象。为了研究冻土对融雪径流的影响，在北海道东部的北见市设置了富里水坝试验池，主要结果如下。(1)结果表明，随着冻土深度的增加，融雪期开始时过程线的长波长出现膨胀。另一方面，在冻土深度较少的情况下，这种现象很少被认识到。除最大融雪期外，该流域的融雪径流日变化规律在一般流域较为少见。(2)多元回归分析表明，冻结指数、积雪深度和融化指数与霜深有较好的相关性，霜深最大值与秋季累积降雨量有关。(3)为明确冻土对融雪径流的影响，将上述冻深预测模型纳入其中，建立了能考虑该场地冻深和积雪深度空间分布的4×3分区槽模型。因此，在融雪季节，由于土壤冻结降低了地表的入渗能力，有可能在山坡上发生坡面流。(4)对于融雪量的估算，我们提出了考虑积雪表层融雪-再冻结的度-时法。通过考虑融雪再冻结，可以估计融雪开始的延迟。