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Study of the origins of the terrestriality in hominoids viewed from functional morphology of the talar joint

从距骨关节功能形态看人科动物陆地性的起源

基本信息

批准号：
09640834
负责人：
NAKATSUKASA Masato
金额：
$ 2.24万
依托单位：
KYOTO UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09640834/
关键词：
primates postcranium subtalar joint hominoids evolution locomotion Miocene 運動二足歩行ニホンザル

项目摘要

This study aims to clarify the evolutionary processes concerning the origin(s) of the terrestriality in the human-African ape clade. For this purpose, the talar joint of the Miocene apes was examined. Movements of the subtalar joint during inversion-eversion were observed in living anthropoids by using the CT scanner, and osteological and kinesiological associations were investigated. The 3-D morphology of the posterior talar articular surface of the calcaneus was measured in Proconsul major, P.nyanzae (ca.19-18 Ma), and Nacholapithecus (ca.15Ma) as well as eight living anthropoids. The proportion of the posterior talar facet and the articular surface axis in the fossil calcanei exhibit the primitive anthropoid pattern. However, movements of the posterior subtalar joint in the fossil apes show a certain degree of rotations and ab-/adduction during in-and eversion of the foot as well as dorsi-and plantarflexion. This type of functional adaptation differs from those in living large platy … More rrhines in which only the dorsi-and plantarflexion are dominated. The posterior talar facet in these fossil apes is unique in that the posterior and anterior part of the facet are peculiarly flat and the intermediate part is well flexed or convexed. Probably, the posterior subtalar joint presumed either the fully plantarflexed or dorsiflexed position when the foot is variously inverted or everted.The posterior part of the articular surface exhibits strong inclination on the medial side. This causes a greater amount of the lateral rotations and/or adduction associated with the plantar flexion. Differing from this condition, cercopithecids has a shortened articular surface, resulting in a smaller range of movements and greater stability of the joint. This condition reflects the semi-terrestrial phase of the primitive cercopithecids. The articular surface of Pan has a less convex and smooth intermediate part. The long axis of the articular surface is strongly angled with the calcanean axis. These specializations enhance the stability of the joint through various positions and a greater component of the rotations in inversion-eversion movement. The fossil calcanei have a wide range of inversion-eversion and high stability in fully inverted of everted position though less than in living apes, thus, are unlikely adapted for ground locomotion. The morphology seen in Pan could have been developed from that of the fossil calcanei. However, the possibility that terrestrially adapted (like morphology of cercopithecids) stage existed in between them is low. Probably, The terrestrial adaptation in human-African ape clade does not go back up to the Middle Miocene. Less

本研究旨在阐明人-非洲猿分支中陆生性起源的进化过程。为此目的，研究了中新世猿类的距关节。利用CT扫描仪观察了活体下颌骨内翻-外翻过程中距下关节的运动，并对其进行了骨骼学和运动学相关性的研究。测量了大原执政猴（Proconsuremajor）、尼安原执政猴（P. nyanaidae）（约19 -18 Ma）、纳霍拉古猿（Nacholapithecus）（约15 Ma）以及8个现存古猿的跟骨后距关节面的三维形态。化石跟骨的后距骨小面与关节面轴的比例呈原始的类圆形。然而，化石猿类的后距下关节的运动在足的内翻和外翻以及背屈和跖屈时表现出一定程度的旋转和外/内收。这种类型的功能适应不同于那些生活在大型板状 ...更多信息只支配背屈和跖屈的鼻。这些化石猿类的后距骨小面是独特的，因为小面的后部和前部特别平坦，中间部分弯曲或凸起。当足内翻或外翻时，距下后关节可能处于跖屈或背屈位，关节面后部内侧倾斜。这导致与跖屈相关的更大量的侧向旋转和/或内收。与这种情况不同的是，猕猴的关节面缩短，导致关节的运动范围更小，稳定性更高。这种情况反映了半陆栖阶段的原始猕猴。Pan关节面的中间部分凸度较低且光滑。关节面的长轴与跟骨轴成很大角度。这些特化通过各种位置和内翻-外翻运动中更大的旋转分量来增强关节的稳定性。化石跟骨具有广泛的内翻-外翻和高稳定性，在完全内翻或外翻的位置，但低于生活猿，因此，不太可能适应地面运动。在潘身上看到的形态可能是从跟骨化石发展而来的。然而，在它们之间存在陆地适应阶段（如尾猿的形态学）的可能性很低。人类-非洲猿进化支的陆生适应可能并不早于中新世中期。少