眺望景観の保護に関する計画論的研究

我们对英国、法国、德国、奥地利、意大利、美国和加拿大等西方主要国家的景观控制措施进行了非常密切的比较研究，包括伦敦、巴黎、维也纳、斯图加特、罗马、波士顿、旧金山、温哥华、蒙特勒等几个大都市的实际实施情况。我们得出的结论是，第一，在大多数国家，标准的城市规划机制已经准备了影响城市景观和景观的细节控制；第二，历史保护是推动设计控制的主要动力之一；第三，他们对该地区的每一座建筑进行了调查，收集了非常微小的信息，以便为设计提供足够的信息，并为居民提供技术建议。近年来，设计控制在更广泛的角度进行，如对山区周围历史古迹的景观保护，以及郊区历史农地的保护。同时，在德国等一些国家，从生态和自然保护的角度进行土地利用规划正在兴起，规划机制中的常规土地利用规划与新兴的基于景观的土地利用控制思想之间的协调成为规划中最敏感的问题之一。除此之外，人们越来越关注农村保护与城市天际线控制以及农业保护相结合的问题。同时，我们进行了访谈调查，以更清楚地了解景观控制中的公众参与机制。调查显示，关于设计控制的自由决策高度依赖于详细的规划控制。最后，大多数国家的景观控制措施似乎都是一个相当实验性的阶段，尽管他们应用的机制看起来很规范。

We have conducted a very close comparative study on the landscape control measures in major western countries, namely UK, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, USA and Canada, including study on the actual implementation in several metropolises such as London, Paris, Vienna, Stuttgart, Rome, Boston, San Francisco, Vancouver, Montreal.We concluded that, one, in most countries, standard city planning mechanism has already prepared detail control affecting townscape and landscape, two, historic preservation is one of the main driving forth to promote design control, three, they have surveyed to compile very minute information regarding each building in the area in order to supply enough information for the design and technical advice to the residents.In recent years, design control in much wider perspective such as view protection of historic monuments surrounding mountains, and historic farmlands in the suburbs. At the same time, land use plan from the ecological and nature preservation point of view is emerging in some countries like Germany, and coordination between conventional land use plan in a planning mechanism and emerging idea of landscape based land use control becomes one of the most sensitive issues in planning.In addition to that viewpoint, greater attention is being paid on rural conservation in conjunction with urban skyline control as well as preservation of agriculture.At the same time, we have conduction interview survey to draw a clearer picture of the public participation mechanism in landscape control. The survey shows that discretional decision about the design control is highly based on the detailed planning control.Finally, landscape control measures in most countries seems to be a rather experimental stage, though the mechanism they have apply looks standardized.