IDEALISM AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

1. 黑津提出了对康德的一种新的解释，其效果是康德的哲学立场是内在理论，而不是超越理论，他的实践哲学是物质价值伦理学，而不是形式规范伦理学。山田的研究集中在笛卡尔、马勒布兰奇和帕斯卡对思想、思想、真理确定性和上帝等关键术语的准确把握上。通过对这些哲学家的比较，他发现了宗教背景在17世纪法国哲学中的重要性，特别是在马勒布兰奇和帕斯卡尔。对17世纪英国科学思想的研究使田村提出了自我认识的问题：对笛卡尔“我思”的实证分析将自我认识分为两个层次，即对自己身体状况和姿势的自我意识水平和对自己社会角色的接受水平；“我存在”的无可置疑性与动物生存所必需的身体自我意识之间的密切关系也被揭示出来。金山特别关注柏拉图哲学中善与形式理论之间的关系。(1)斐多篇强调通过善作为原因来解释的必要性，最终是为了帮助证明灵魂的不可毁灭性；形式理论本身就是为此目的而引入的。(2)《理想国》中三个明喻解释善的作用，在于帮助苏格拉底的朋友们自己去探求善，而不是为了教导他们。

1. A new interpretation of Kant is presented by Kurozumi to the effect that the philosophical position of Kant is that of immanent theory, not of transcendent theory, and his practical philosophy is that material value-ethics, not of formal normative ethics.2. Yamada's studies centered on the exact grasp of the use of such key terms as ideas, thought, truth certainty, and God, by Descartes, Malebranche, and Pascal. By comparing these philosophers he has detected the important of religious background in the philosophy of 17th century France, especially in Malebranche and Pascal.3. The research on the 17th century England scientific thought led Tamura to the problem of self-knowledge : Empirical analysis of Descartes'cogito would bring about the separation of self-knowledge into two levels, the level of self-awareness about one's bodily condition and posture and the level of acceptance of one's social roles ; the close relation between the indubitability of 'I exist' and the necessity of bodily self-awareness for survival of an animal has also been brought to light.4. Kanayama focused his special attention on the relation between the good and the theory of Forms in Plato's philosophy. (1) The need for the explanation through the good as cause/reason is emphasized in the Phaedo ultimately to help prove the indestructibility of the soul ; the theory of Forms itself is introduced for this purpose. (2) The role of three similes in the Republic for the explanation of the Good consists in helping Socrates'friends to conduct enquiries for themselves in search of the Good rather than for the purpose of teaching them.