Filtration Media for In-Home PFAS Removal from Drinking Water

摘要摘要 全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFA)，也通常被称为全氟化合物，是一大类 人造的、全球分布的化学品，已经使用了几十年。全氟辛酸(PFOA)和 全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是最常见的全氟辛烷磺酸，但也存在数以千计的其他衍生物。全氟辛烷磺酸一直是 广泛用于不粘锅(特氟龙®)、地毯和地毯处理产品等消费品 (Scotchgard®)、食品包装、含水灭火泡沫、液压航空燃料以及在航空航天、汽车、 建筑业和电子行业。全氟辛烷磺酸是地下水中新兴的环境污染物，它们正吸引着 由于它们的全球分布、持久性、毒性和生物积累的趋势而引起人们的极大关注。全氟辛烷磺酸 已经在49个州的1400多个地点发现了污染，环境保护局估计， 超过1.1亿美国人可能已经受到污染。一旦释放到环境中，它们就不容易 被空气、水或阳光分解的。因此，人们可能接触到几个月或几年制造的全氟辛烷磺酸。 过去的事。全氟辛烷磺酸可以在空气和水中进行长距离飞行，使人们暴露在制造或排放的全氟辛烷磺酸中。 设施远在数英里之外。人体接触含全氟辛烷磺酸的产品也可能发生。2016年，美国环保局 建立了终身健康咨询(LHA)级别为百万分之70(Ppt)的个人或组合浓度 饮用水中的全氟辛烷磺酸和许多州正在建立更低的水平。流行病学研究表明， 人类PFAS的发生可能与甲状腺疾病、高胆固醇、溃疡性结肠炎、 肾癌、睾丸癌和妊娠高血压综合征。目前的水处理技术可以满足 环保局的目标不符合成本效益，特别是对于家庭使用，需要技术/先进材料 清洁高效、成本效益高的饮用水，并能达到美国环保局70 ppt或更低的目标。 TDA Research，Inc.(TDA)建议开发一种基于吸附的系统来去除饮用水中的全氟辛烷磺酸 水降至环保局规定的70ppt(百万分之)或更低的限制。这种系统的关键是低成本、高成本 具有快速动力学去除全氟辛烷磺酸的容量吸附剂。TDA的吸附剂使用介孔碳结构，接枝了 路易斯碱官能团通过物理吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸。中孔提供了非常快速的吸附。 官能化吸附位置的动力学和可获得性。路易斯酸碱相互作用的强度是可以调节的 以使该吸附剂即使在饮用水中存在多种污染物的情况下也有效。禁食 吸附剂的吸附和高PFAS能力将减少系统规模，并使其能够在较小的家用中使用 系统。

Summary Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also commonly known as perfluorinated compounds, are a large family of man-made, globally distributed chemicals that have been used for decades. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the most common PFAS, but thousands of other derivatives exist. PFAS have been widely used in consumer products such as non-stick cookware (Teflon®), carpets and carpet treatment products (Scotchgard®), food packaging, aqueous firefighting foams, hydraulic aviation fuels and in the aerospace, automotive, construction, and electronics industries. PFAS are emerging environmental pollutants in groundwater, and they are attracting significant attention due to their global distribution, persistence, toxicity and tendency to bio-accumulate. PFAS contamination has been found in more than 1400 locations in 49 states and the EPA estimates that the drinking water of more than 110 million Americans may already be contaminated. Once released into the environment, they are not easily broken down by air, water, or sunlight. Thus, people can be exposed to PFAS that were manufactured months or years in the past. PFAS can travel long distances in the air and water, exposing people to PFAS manufactured or emitted from facilities many miles away. Human exposure can also occur through contact with products containing PFAS. In 2016, EPA established a lifetime health advisory (LHA) level of 70 parts per trillion (ppt) for individual or combined concentrations of PFAS in drinking water and many states are establishing even lower levels. Epidemiological studies have shown that the occurrence of PFAS in humans is probably linked to a high incidence of thyroid disease, high cholesterol, ulcerative colitis, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Current water treatment technologies that can meet the EPA targets are not cost effective, especially for in-home use, necessitating a need for technology/advanced materials to cleanup drinking water that are efficient, cost effective and can meet the EPA target of 70 ppt or lower. TDA Research, Inc (TDA) proposes to develop an adsorption-based system for removing PFAS from drinking water down to EPA prescribed limits of 70 ppt (parts per trillion) or lower. The key to such a system is a low cost, high capacity adsorbent with fast kinetics to remove PFAS. TDA’s sorbent uses a mesoporous carbon structure grafted with Lewis base functionalized groups to remove PFAS via physical adsorption. The mesopores provides very fast adsorption kinetics and accessibility to the functionalized adsorption sites. The strength of the Lewis acid-base interaction can be tuned to allow the sorbent to be effective even in the presence of the multiple contaminants found in drinking water. The fast adsorption and high PFAS capacity of the sorbent will reduce the system size and enable their use in smaller home-based systems.