Beta-cell responses to oxidative stress and Type 1 diabetes

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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in pancreatic β-cell destruction due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and T cell effector molecules. Recent evidence has shown that β-cell dysfunction is also an activate participant in T1D pathogenesis. We will compare pancreatic β-cell functional identity changes that occur with T1D-prone Non-obese Diabetic (NOD) mice with T1D-resistant NOD.Ncf1m1J mice unable to generate NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived superoxide. We will examine how the absence of ROS in NOD.Ncf1m1J mice can regulate β-cell functional identity, interactions with immune cells, and delay in T1D. To corroborate our genetic mouse models, we will examine pancreatic β-cell responses following treatment with a pharmacological manganese metalloporphyrin antioxidant with human islets. Our overarching hypothesis is that ROS reduction will preserve or enhance β-cell functional identity, as defined by transcriptional signatures and insulin secretion in T1D-prone NOD mice and human islets. To address this hypothesis, the following independent and interrelated aims will be defined: (1) Define how genetic ablation of ROS preserves β-cell functional identity. (2) Determine whether the absence of ROS can decrease pancreatic β-cell-mediated inflammatory responses. (3) Determine whether antioxidant treatment preserves the function of mouse and human β-cells. The insights gained from our studies will increase our understanding of diabetes etiology and may also point to future strategies employing antioxidant compounds to preserve and/or replace the function of pancreatic β-cells.