Structural and functional analysis of the coronavirus spike protein fusion peptide

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Project Summary / Abstract Enveloped viruses access their host cells by binding to receptors on the plasma membrane and then undergoing fusion with the host membrane. Both binding and fusion are mediated by a specific viral “spike” protein that is typically primed for fusion activation by proteolytic cleavage to expose the fusion peptide. Coronavirus fusion spike protein (CoV S) is a complex biomolecular machine that has a novel fusion peptide with has a great deal of inherent flexibility in its fusion reaction. This is exploited by these viruses in their diverse entry pathways and is a primary determinant of viral tropism. We have pioneered the concept that that the proteolytic cleavage events in S that lead to membrane fusion occur both at the interface of the receptor binding (S1) and fusion (S2) domains (called S1/S2), as well as adjacent to a structurally and functionally novel fusion peptide within S2 (called S2’). Thus, there are notable differences between CoV S and most other class I fusion proteins including: 1) that the proteolytic events liberating the fusion peptide are diverse, and 2) that the fusion peptide itself is atypical in sequence compared to other fusion peptides, containing a mixture of important hydrophobic and negatively- charged residues, and may represent a larger than normal fusion “platform” instead of a defined “peptide”. Thus fusion peptide activity is likely controlled by reorganization of the fusion platform, based on both hydrophobic (i.e. lipid-binding) and ionic (i.e. Ca2+) interactions. Despite the recent availability of S structures in their pre- fusion state, there remains a very limited mechanistic understanding of membrane fusion for the CoV family, or any structural information to correlate structural biology aspects of S to its function in membrane fusion. This information is critical to understanding viral pathogenesis and CoV emergence into the human population. We propose an integrated biophysical, biochemical, and in vivo approach to study the unique cleavage-activated regulation of CoV S protein, using Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as primary models. We will use state-of-the-art spectroscopy and an innovative single particle tracking technique to study S protein fusion peptide function, and combine these with in vivo infectivity studies, including at BSL3, will allow a complete picture of CoV fusion activation. These approaches will reveal how structure and function vary depending on the key activators of S; i.e. receptor binding, protease availability and the local ionic environment. These studies will allow us to determine common principals that can be applied to all CoVs, moving the field forward with these innovative studies will provide critical knowledge about CoV entry and tropism needed to safeguard human health from an emerging pathogen likely to cause severe outbreaks, and for which few or no medical countermeasures exist.