Defining Embodied Characteristics of Decision Making in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

摘要 注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是以认知缺陷(如执行力)为特征的 功能和认知控制)，但知觉和运动功能缺陷也是常见的特征 这种情况。这些功能为研究提供了一条重要的途径，因为感知和行动 上游和下游，分别是典型的高水平损伤。到目前为止，基础研究已经 为研究这些综合进程提供了必要的方法和理论基础；以及 现在有几个范例存在于一个具体的选择框架下--描述决策所依据的过程 进行计算可以通过运动特征揭示并受其追溯影响(例如， 在走向竞争选择的运动中)。许多ADHD患者表现出运动障碍 多动和其他运动症状(例如，反应时间变异性)，使这项研究非常适合更好的 对精神病理学潜在的认知-行为途径的理解。此外，它已经通过以下方式显示 在我的共同赞助人的实验室(Julie Schweitzer博士)的工作中，运动可以赋予儿童认知方面的好处 多动症患者执行认知控制任务。目标1是对运动的潜在益处的调查。 在时间歧视任务(即，两种选择的强迫选择)期间传达给患有ADHD的成年人 一系列期限的多头/空头歧视)。我们实验室之前的一项研究利用了这一范式和 结果显示，健康的年轻志愿者在时间歧视期间受益于同时运动。在……里面 这个目的是为了联系我的赞助商的实验室(Joiner博士和Schweitzer博士)的工作，我们假设 在ADHD患者中，运动的有益影响会更大。在目标2中，我们将观察运动如何 反映了对两个综合刺激维度的平行评估，这两个维度在四个选项中汇聚在一个选项上- 另一种强迫选择任务。在这里，刺激维度直接映射到物理维度；目标 排列在距起始位置等距离的正方形阵列中。这一新颖的任务设计将使我们能够观察 在实时(通过运动轨迹)的方式下，刺激不确定性和观看时间引导选择。每个人 刺激总是有一个高确定性维度(即，容易)和一个低确定性(即，困难)维度 (主体内)。我们假设，最初的移动方向将反映高度确定性的优先顺序 尺寸(即，偏向相关的笛卡儿轴)。这项任务将首先在健康对照组中进行 在将其应用于ADHD和匹配的对照组之前，目标1。在匹配的ADHD和对照组中 任务，我们假设ADHD患者在优先处理高确定性信息方面效率较低， 因此，初始运动将不太可能围绕高确定性轴聚集。这一交叉学科 该项目将使用运动控制和临床心理学的方法来探索感觉的综合过程， ADHD的决策性和运动性特征通常是单独研究的，并可能为诊断提供参考 以及治疗方法，以改善受这种情况影响的人的生活质量。

ABSTRACT Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well-characterized in terms of cognitive deficits (e.g., executive function and cognitive control), but defects in perceptual and motor functions are also frequent characteristics of the condition. These functions present an important avenue for research because perception and action occur upstream and downstream, respectively, of canonical high-level impairments. Basic research to date has provided the methodological and theoretical foundations necessary to study these integrated processes, and several paradigms now exist under an embodied choice framework—describing the processes by which decision making computations can be revealed through, and retroactively influenced by, movement characteristics (e.g., during reaching movements towards competing choices). Many individuals with ADHD exhibit motor hyperactivity and other motor symptoms (e.g., reaction time variability), making this study well-suited for a better understanding of the cognition-action pathways underlying psychopathology. Additionally, it has been shown by work in my co-sponsor’s laboratory (Dr. Julie Schweitzer) that movement can confer cognitive benefits to children with ADHD performing cognitive control tasks. Aim 1 is an investigation into the potential benefit of movement conveyed to adults with ADHD during a temporal discrimination task (i.e., a two-alternative forced choice long/short discrimination of a range of durations). A previous study in our laboratory utilized this paradigm and showed that healthy young volunteers benefited from concurrent movement during temporal discrimination. In this Aim, bridging work from my sponsors’ laboratories (Drs. Joiner and Schweitzer), we hypothesize that the beneficial effect of movement will be larger in individuals with ADHD. In Aim 2, we will observe how movement reflects the parallel evaluation of two integrated stimulus dimensions that converge on a single choice in a four- alternative forced choice task. Here the stimulus dimensions map directly onto physical dimensions; the targets are arranged in a square array equidistant from the start location. This novel task design will allow us to observe in real-time (via the movement trajectory) the way that stimulus uncertainty and viewing time guide choice. Each stimulus will always have one high-certainty dimension (i.e., easy) and one low-certainty (i.e., difficult) dimension (within-subject). We hypothesize that initial movement directions will reflect prioritization of the high-certainty dimension (i.e., biased toward the relevant Cartesian axis). The task will first be developed in healthy controls before its application to the ADHD and matched control groups from Aim 1. In the matched ADHD and control task, we hypothesize that individuals with ADHD will be less effective at prioritizing high-certainty information, and thus, initial movements will be less likely to cluster around the high certainty axis. This interdisciplinary project will use methods from motor control and clinical psychology to probe the integrated processes of sensory, decisional, and motoric characteristics of ADHD that are typically studied in isolation, and may inform diagnostic and treatment methods to improve the quality of life for people affected by this condition.