Epigenetic regulations of DNA and histone methylation and deMethylation: Structures and Mechanisms

摘要/摘要 哺乳动物基因表达的控制在一定程度上依赖于DNA中胞嘧啶残基的修饰，这是 至少以五种形式存在：胞嘧啶(C)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(5mC)、5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(5HmC)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(5mC)、 甲酰胞嘧啶(5fC)和5-羧基胞嘧啶(5caC)。DNA甲基转移酶5-甲基化胞嘧啶 定位，在基因组中产生5mC。10-11易位(Tet)双加氧酶将5mC转化为5hmC， 5fC和5caC连续三次氧化反应。这些修改在以下过程中动态调整 发育和细胞分化。要了解这些修改的功能和监管 控制五种形式胞嘧啶水平和基因组分布的机制，我们建议 研究产生、读取和移除这些DNA修饰的酶/蛋白质以及相关的 组蛋白甲基化。

Summary/Abstract The control of gene expression in mammals relies in part on modifications to cytosine residues in DNA, which exist in at least five forms: cytosine (C), 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5- formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). DNA methyltransferases methylate cytosine at the 5- position, generating 5mC in the genome. Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) dioxygenases convert 5mC to 5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC in three consecutive oxidation reactions. These modifications are dynamically regulated during development and cell differentiation. To understand the function of these modifications and the regulatory mechanisms that control the levels and genomic distribution of the five forms of the cytosine, we propose to study the enzymes/proteins that generate, read, and remove these DNA modifications as well as associated histone methylation.