Human Networks for Behaviors related to the Expectation of Pain

对疼痛的条件性期望或恐惧通常会导致与疼痛相关的刺激所产生的残疾 在工作中受伤，尽管这一预期的神经科学尚不清楚。人类的条件性期望 可以通过由一系列视觉条件刺激组成的协议产生，其中一些是配对的 (CS)使用痛苦的激光脉冲无条件刺激(US)。我们现在建议使用这个方案来研究两个 这种期待的领域：当激光跟随CS时产生的疼痛的体验，以及 对CS产生的疼痛的预期。后者与避免未来的痛苦有关，而前者是 与逃避当前的疼痛有关，而不是接近，例如不遵守物理治疗，这可能 造成一些痛苦。回避或逃避行为的增加与更糟糕的发生有关 结果，慢性疼痛综合征，从骨关节炎到纤维肌痛。 我们建议通过直接从解剖记录局部场势(LFP)来研究这两个结构域 大脑中参与这两个领域的组件，用于预期疼痛。我们的初步数据显示 LFP激活(ERPS事件相关电位和ERS/ERD-振荡功率增加/减少) 杏仁核(AMY)、海马结构和部分扣带皮质对未配对的CS和 它可能介导条件反射并产生条件性反应(CRS)。用于预期的CRS包括 增加：自主活动(皮肤电导反应，SCR)，以及 CS和US，以及CS因刺激(突显)而产生的不愉快和注意力。中国人的经历 US是痛苦的，不像CS，它与条件反射有关，但与CS不愉快或突出无关，后者是 与两个单独的域的存在相一致。CS SCR与ERS/ERD和ERC作为一种 与CS US相关的频段和分量的功能 这反过来又不同于与CS不愉快和CS突出相关的那些。型号 每个领域的网络由这些数据提出，并得到以下研究的证据的支持 解剖投影和功能磁共振信号。这两个模型共享包括AMY内的核在内的组件， 前扣带回和中扣带回，但在海马结构、脑岛和额叶外侧的成分上有所不同 在局部网络中，由一个结构内或相邻结构内的组件的存在定义 结构。我们的前提是，这些模型中的组件将参与疼痛和条件反射过程， 并将与两个域之一相关的激活显示为单独的组件或本地网络的一部分，以及 将显示定义该域的分布式分层网络的交互。 这项研究可能建议在药物开发和外科或刺激疗法方面感兴趣的地方 对疼痛有明显恐惧的疼痛综合征，比如对神经活动的研究导致了一个网络模型 基底节，它提出了治疗目标，并改变了运动障碍的治疗。

The conditioned expectation or fear of pain often results in disability produced by stimuli related to a painful injury on the job, although the neuroscience of this expectation is unclear. Conditioned expectation in humans can be produced by a protocol that consists of a train of visual conditioning stimuli, some of which are paired (CS+) with a painful laser pulse unconditioned stimulus (US). We now propose to use this protocol to study two domains of this expectation: the experience of pain produced by the laser when it follows the CS+, and the anticipation of pain produced by the CS+. The latter is related to avoidance of future pain and the former is related to escape from current pain instead of approach, e.g. noncompliance with physical therapy which can cause some pain. Increases in either avoidance or escape behaviors are related to occurrence of, and worse outcomes in, chronic pain syndromes from osteoarthritis to fibromyalgia. We propose to study the two domains by recording local field potentials (LFP) directly from anatomic components in the brain involved in these two domains for the expectation of pain. Our Preliminary Data shows LFP activations (ERPs Event Related Potentials & ERS/ERD - increases/ decreases in oscillatory power) in the Amygdala (AMY), Hippocampal formation and parts of the cingulate cortex in response to the unpaired CS+ and US, which may mediate conditioning and produce Conditioned Responses (CRs). CRs for anticipation include increases in: autonomic activity (Skin Conductance Response, SCR), and in ratings of the association between the CS+ and US, and CS unpleasantness and attention produced by a stimulus (salience). The experience of the US was painful, unlike the CS, and was related to conditioning but not to CS unpleasantness or salience, which is consistent with the presence of two separate domains. The CS SCR was related to ERS/ERD and ERC as a function of both frequency bands and components which were different from those related to the CS+ US association which, in turn, were different from those related to CS unpleasantness and CS salience. Model networks for each domain are suggested by these Data, and are supported by the evidence of studies of anatomic projections and fMRI signals. These two models share components including nuclei within the AMY, Anterior and Mid-Cingulate, but differ in components of the Hippocampal formation, Insula, and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex, and in Local networks defined by the presence of of components within one structure or within adjacent structures. Our premise is that components in these models will be involved in pain and conditioning processes, and show activations related to one of the two domains as individual components or as part of Local Network, and will show interactions that define a distributed, Hierarchical network for that domain. This study may suggest sites of interest in drug development and in surgical or stimulation therapies for pain syndromes with significant fear of pain, like studies of neural activity that led to a network model of the basal ganglia, which suggested therapeutic targets and transformed the treatment of Movement Disorders.