Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases Training Program

项目摘要 具有里程碑意义的医学研究所报告《新出现的感染：微生物对健康的威胁》 美国“强调了流行病学、发病机制和改进控制的重要性 人畜共患传染病-60%的人类病原体是直接从或紧急传播的 来自动物储藏室。至关重要的是，人畜共患病病原体的出现和传播发生在 斑点“--家养动物和野生动物的生态和流行病学定义的区域 与人类的互动是集中的，节肢动物媒介的存在往往会加剧这种互动 负责传输。了解人畜共患病病原体的行为，包括机制 作为有效监测和应对的基础的涌现、持续和传播，被广泛地 被认为对解决新出现的感染至关重要。 地方性和流行性人畜共患病在撒哈拉以南非洲的影响都不成比例。 对牲畜生计的依赖、人口增长和日益带来的土地压力 与野生动物接触的人和家畜，以及持续的贫困和饥饿 消费丛林肉和病死牲畜都是造成这种高地方病的原因。 疾病负担和病原体出现的风险增加。肯尼亚是这种人畜共患病的代表。 疾病负担和风险：三分之二的人口是农民，80%的人有牲畜 与丰富多样的野生动物相邻的可耕地的压力越来越大。 加强能力的当务之急是对临床培训的研究生进行综合培训 实验室和现场流行病学研究中的个人。中国的医学和兽医教育 肯尼亚最终获得了医学或兽医学士学位，具有高度的临床意义。 有重点-帮助满足临床护理需求，但没有提供足够的培训来确定 知识差距，设计解决这些差距的方法，进行调查和分析 结果/结果。我们建议通过两个途径来解决这一培训差距：i)临床博士培训- 受过培训的人员，目前处于初级级别，其职位允许全职投入(6 个人；培训期限为4年)，以及二)为目前在 部长级和其他政府职位，以加强当地能力(2个为期2年的队列，每个5个 个人)。我们已经确定了一批强大的候选者，他们都已经完成了硕士/硕士/硕士学位 训练。关键的是，在这两个培训轨道上，医生和兽医将是单一的、综合的队列。 培训，包括实地和实验室研究，将在肯尼亚进行综合协作 在华盛顿内罗毕大学医学院和兽医学院 国立大学和肯尼亚医学研究所。

Project Summary The landmark Institute of Medicine report, “Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States" highlighted the importance of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and improved control for zoonotic infectious diseases—60% of all human pathogens are directly transmitted from or emergent from animal reservoirs. Critically, zoonotic pathogen emergence and transmission occurs in “hot spots”—ecologically and epidemiologically defined regions where domestic animal and wildlife interactions with humans are concentrated and often exacerbated by presence of arthropod vectors responsible for transmission. Understanding the behavior of zoonotic pathogens, including mechanisms of emergence, persistence and spread that underlie effective surveillance and response, is widely recognized as critically important to addressing emerging infections. Both endemic and epidemic zoonotic diseases have a disproportionate impact in sub-Saharan Africa. The reliance on livestock for livelihoods, population growth and land pressure that increasingly brings people and domestic animals in contact with wildlife, and the persistent poverty and hunger that underlies consumption of bushmeat and sick or dead livestock all contribute to this high endemic disease burden and elevated risk for pathogen emergence. Kenya is representative of this zoonotic disease burden and risk: two-thirds of the population are farmers with >80% having livestock amid increasing pressure for arable land adjacent to a rich diversity of wildlife. The highest priority to strengthen capacity is integrated post-graduate training for clinically-trained individuals in both laboratory and field epidemiologic research. Medical and veterinary education in Kenya, culminating in a bachelor degree in either medicine or veterinary medicine, is highly clinically focused—helping meet needs for clinical care but does not provide sufficient training to identify knowledge gaps, design approaches to address these gaps, conduct investigations, and analyze results/outcomes. We propose to address this training gap using two tracks: i) PhD training for clinically- trained individuals currently at a junior level and whose positions allow full-time commitment (6 individuals; training duration of 4 years), and ii) structured modular training for individuals currently in ministerial and other governmental positions to strengthen capacity in situ (two 2-year cohorts, each of 5 individuals). We have identified a strong candidate pool, all of whom have completed MSc/MPH/MMed training. Critically, in both training tracks, physicians and veterinarians will be a single, integrated cohort. Training, including field and laboratory research, will take place in Kenya, an integrated collaboration among the University of Nairobi College of Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute.