Examining Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality Associated with the Criminal Justice System

项目摘要 刑事司法人员的迅速增加对司法工作产生了重要的健康影响， 涉及个人、他们的家庭和社区，最弱势群体面临更大的风险。一 最近的审查发现，与一般人口相比，从监狱释放的人的死亡率较高， 这表明，即使在个人返回社区后，监禁也可能产生持久的后果。 考虑到某些群体（如非裔美国人、土著人、 与白人相比，美国人的监禁率更高，死亡率也更高。然而， 对刑事司法暴露增加死亡风险的程度以及这是否 少数民族之间的关系更加密切。这项研究将提供严格的准实验 关于刑事司法暴露如何影响死亡率和差异的证据，使用的纵向数据来自 全州范围内对被分配到监狱、监狱、社区监督或释放的被捕者进行的普查。 我们的研究利用了一个自然的政策实验中的差异设计与倾向得分 加权和工具变量结合罕见的犯罪历史综合数据， mortality.南达科他州2013年的《公共安全改善法案》（以下简称SB 70）减少了刑期， 增加缓刑的分配，将重罪重新分类为较低的严重程度，并允许那些 社区监督以减少监督时间。基本上，SB 70后被捕的人是 受到不同的处罚和监督相对于那些逮捕前SB 70为相同的罪行，根据 只是时间问题我们的研究利用这一政策实验的外源性变化需要评估 刑事司法暴露与死亡率之间的关系。一个内在的方面是评估差距， 种族/民族和性别，提供关于美洲原住民的证据的独特机会。对于这个项目，我们 获得了所有202，594名被捕者（2000-2019年）的犯罪历史数据以及匹配的死亡记录。 总之，这项研究将提供急需的证据，对超额死亡率被捕者 被判处监禁、监禁、社区监督或释放的总体情况和按人口群体分列的情况; SB 70影响总体和人口统计学群体的死亡风险、时间和原因;最后， 估计刑事司法风险如何影响总体死亡风险、时间和原因， 人口统计组。了解接触刑事司法系统如何影响死亡率， 特别是考虑到美国的大规模监禁和各州努力减少其对 预算和社会。刑事司法暴露的差异反映了死亡率的差异，这表明， 两种现象可能相互交织。因此，本研究不仅仅是对SB 70的评价，而是一个准 实验性评估刑事司法暴露对公共健康和健康差异的影响。

PROJECT SUMMARY The rapid increase in the criminal justice population has important health implications for justice- involved individuals, their families and communities with the most vulnerable populations at greater risk. A recent review found elevated mortality among those released from prison relative to the general population, suggesting that incarceration may have lasting consequences even after individuals return to the community. The implications for health disparities are crucial given that some groups (e.g. African Americans, Native Americans) have higher rates of incarceration and experience excess mortality relative to Whites. Yet, we have little understanding of the degree to which criminal justice exposure elevates mortality risk and whether this relationship is stronger among minority groups. This study will provide rigorous quasi-experimental evidence on how criminal justice exposure influences mortality and disparities using longitudinal data from a statewide census of arrestees assigned to prison, jail, community supervision, or released. Our study leverages a natural policy experiment in a difference-in-difference design with propensity score weighting and instrumental variables combined with rare comprehensive data on criminal history and mortality. South Dakota's Public Safety Improvement Act of 2013 (hereafter, SB70) reduced prison sentences, increased assignment to probation, re-classified felony offenses to lower severity classes, and allowed those on community supervision to earn reductions in time on supervision. Essentially, those arrested post-SB70 were subject to different penalties and supervision relative to those arrested pre-SB70 for the same offenses, based only on timing. Our study utilizes this policy experiment for the exogenous variation needed to assess the relationship between criminal justice exposure and mortality. An intrinsic aspect is to assess disparities by race/ethnicity and sex with a unique opportunity to provide evidence on Native Americans. For this project, we have obtained criminal history data on all 202,594 arrestees (2000-2019) as well as matched mortality records. In summary, this study will provide much-needed evidence on excess mortality among arrestees sentenced to prison, jail, community supervision or released overall and by demographic group; assess whether SB70 influenced the risk, timing and causes of mortality overall and by demographic group; and finally, estimate how criminal justice exposure influenced the risk, timing and causes of mortality overall and by demographic group. Understanding how exposure to the criminal justice system influences mortality is particularly policy-relevant given the mass incarceration in the US and states' efforts to reduce its impact on budgets and society. Disparities in criminal justice exposure mirror disparities in mortality, suggesting that the two phenomena may be intertwined. Thus, this study is not simply an evaluation of SB70, but rather a quasi- experimental assessment of the impact of criminal justice exposure on public health and health disparities.