Mechanisms of opioid- mediated HIV neuropathogenesis

本研究的目的是研究HIV介导的神经炎症的分子机制， ART和鸦片我们将使用吗啡，因为它会加剧许多艾滋病毒感染者的炎症和中枢神经系统疾病。 人中枢神经系统的HIV感染导致慢性炎症，导致> 50%的 感染者。这种炎症和随后的CNS损伤不能用ART减轻。 必须开发HIV疾病和治疗的关键过程，以限制这种和正在进行的CNS病毒播种， 提高感染者的生活质量。随着艾滋病毒阳性者寿命的延长，这一点更加紧迫。艾滋病毒 在外周感染后很快进入CNS，尽管有ART，但仍在感染细胞内持续存在。HIV进入 脑至少部分地由感染的单核细胞穿过血脑屏障的迁移介导 （BBB）。表达CD 14和CD 16的成熟单核细胞是HIV神经发病机制的关键介质。这些 单核细胞被HIV有效地感染，并准备穿过BBB。一旦进入中枢神经系统， 分化为感染的巨噬细胞，可以持续数年。这导致感染和/或激活 中枢神经系统细胞，包括巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞，导致慢性炎症，其特征在于产生 病毒和/或病毒蛋白质、细胞因子和趋化因子。趋化因子，特别是CCL 2， 外周血感染/未感染的单核细胞的迁移，持续的炎症和病毒接种， 在大量感染者中介导神经元树突修剪和变性的CNS， 机制不太清楚。抗逆转录病毒疗法不能消除携带艾滋病毒的细胞。因此，单核细胞/巨噬细胞 HIV早期蛋白的激活和产生仍在继续，尽管ART成功，但仍会导致脑损伤。 将描述吗啡、HIV和ART对介导单核细胞进入CNS的机制的影响 以及随后的病毒再接种和神经炎症。我们将使用最先进的体外技术， 强大的单细胞RNA测序方法，以及转基因小鼠来表征潜在的治疗方法， 限制炎症和指导ART的疗效。我们将描述吗啡和ART对 HIV感染和未感染的人单核细胞穿过人BBB模型的迁移和用途 scRNA-seq用于鉴定个体迁移性HIV感染者和HIV暴露者表达的独特基因 单核细胞在存在或不存在吗啡的情况下;表征HIV、ART和/或吗啡对 人巨噬细胞的功能，以及使用scRNA-seq对个体炎症基因表达的影响 人巨噬细胞;应用HIV转基因小鼠模型评价阿片类药物和HIV的体内影响 对来自小鼠的单个单核细胞在体内表达的炎症基因的影响， BBB，并通过来自这些小鼠的驻留个体脑巨噬细胞/小胶质细胞;并比较 从HIV初治者和HIV初治者脑中分离的单个巨噬细胞/小胶质细胞的炎症基因， 感染的个体，包括来自使用scRNA-seq进行姑息性阿片类药物治疗的人的那些。

This proposal is to examine molecular mechanisms of HIV-mediated neuroinflammation in the presence of ART and opiods. We will use morphine as it exacerbates inflammation and CNS disease in many HIV infected people. HIV infection of the CNS results in chronic inflammation that leads to cognitive deficits in > 50% of infected people. This inflammation and subsequent CNS damage is not mitigated with ART. Inflammation is a key process in HIV disease and therapies to limit this and ongoing CNS viral seeding must be developed to improve the quality of life of infected people. This is even more pressing as HIV positive people live longer. HIV enters the CNS soon after peripheral infection and despite ART, persists within infected cells. HIV entry into the brain is mediated, at least in part, by infected monocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Mature monocytes expressing CD14 and CD16 are key mediators of HIV neuropathogenesis. These monocytes are productively infected with HIV and primed to cross the BBB. Once within the CNS, they may differentiate into infected macrophages that can persist for years. This leads to infection and/or activation of CNS cells, including macrophages and microglia, resulting in chronic inflammation characterized by production of virus and/or viral proteins, and cytokines, and chemokines. Chemokines, in particular CCL2, increase transmigration of peripheral blood infected/uninfected monocytes, continuing inflammation and viral seeding of the CNS that mediates neuronal dendritic pruning and degeneration in a large number of infected people by mechanisms not well understood. ART does not eliminate cells harboring HIV. Thus, monocyte/macrophage activation, and production of HIV early proteins continue, resulting in brain injury despite successful ART. We will characterize effects of morphine, HIV, and ART on mechanisms that mediate monocyte entry into the CNS and on subsequent viral reseeding and neuroinflammation. We will use state of the art in vitro techniques, the powerful approach of single cell RNA sequencing, and transgenic mice to characterize potential therapeutics to limit inflammation and guide efficacy of ART. We will characterize the impact of morphine and ART on transmigration of HIV infected and uninfected human monocytes across a model of the human BBB and use scRNA-seq to identify unique genes expressed by individual transmigrating HIV-infected and HIV-exposed monocytes in the presence or absence of morphine; characterize the impact of HIV, ART, and/or morphine on the function of human macrophages and, using scRNA-seq, on expression of inflammatory genes by individual human macrophages; apply an HIV transgenic mouse model to evaluate the in vivo impact of opioids and HIV on inflammatory genes expressed in vivo by individual monocytes from the mice that transmigrated across the BBB, and by resident individual brain macrophages/microglia from these mice; and compare expression of inflammatory genes by individual macrophages/microglia isolated from the brains of HIV-naïve and HIV- infected individuals including those from people who were on palliative opioid treatment using scRNA-seq.