Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Post-event Processing in Adults who Stutter

项目摘要 口吃是一种遗传的神经生理学障碍，然而，有一种普遍的假设 这种口吃是紧张或焦虑的结果。这种误解导致了有害的生活质量 后果，许多口吃的人经历了他们所在的交流交流 被嘲笑、歧视和污名化。口吃的成年人患社交疾病的风险增加 焦虑症，导致抑郁、社交退缩和/或自杀念头。该项目的一位贡献者 社交焦虑的持续性尚未在口吃成年人中进行检查，这是一种事件后处理 在紧张的交流事件后过度和侵入性的自我批评所定义的认知过程。 与重复的消极思维不同，后者是一个人反复思考的一般倾向，可用于 各种与通信无关的问题，事件后处理特别发生在 沟通交流，与预期焦虑和避免后续沟通有关 情况。考虑到事件后处理的不良生活质量后果，最近的研究引用了 自我同情作为一种保护因素，拟议的研究将评估临床标记物如何 口吃(即说话者的口吃经历、自我评价的口吃严重程度、观察者评价的口吃 严重程度)和自我同情有助于口吃成年人的事件后处理。这项研究将确定 口吃者事件后处理的临床预测因素和自我同情的保护性评估 通过三个具体目标进行考虑。在目标1和目标2中，我们将确定演讲者的 口吃经历(即自我报告口吃对生活质量的影响；目标1)和自我评级 关于事后处理的口吃严重程度(目标2)。目标1a和2a将调查自我同情心 防止事后处理的保护性因素。我们假设成年人有更多的负面情绪 口吃的经历和自我评价更高的口吃严重程度将参与更多的事后处理。 我们还假设，具有较高自我同情心的成年人会参与较少的事件后处理， 无论是否有口吃经历或自我评估的严重程度。在目标3中，我们将评估观察者的影响- 已对事件后处理中的口吃严重程度进行评级。我们假设观察者评级的严重性不会 预测口吃成年人的事件后处理。为了实现这些目标，参与者将自我报告他们的 体验口吃和自我同情，参与标准化的沟通应激源任务，以及自我 报告口吃的严重程度和事件后处理。客观的口吃严重程度将通过无偏见的方式收集 听众。分析将包括带有相关协变量的缓和线性回归。这项建议是 响应NIDCD的优先领域2和3，因此与公共卫生有关，作为预定目标 将1)确定与成人口吃事件后处理相关的临床和心理社会因素，以及 2)告知对成年人口吃的评估和治疗，口吃是一个研究不足的群体。

Project Abstract Stuttering is a neurophysiological disorder that is genetically transmitted, yet, there is a pervasive assumption that stuttering is the result of being nervous or anxious. This misconception results in deleterious quality-of-life consequences, with many persons who stutter experiencing communication exchanges in which they are mocked, discriminated against, and stigmatized. Adults who stutter are at increased risk for developing social anxiety disorder, leading to depression, social withdrawal, and/or suicidal ideation. One contributor to the persistence of social anxiety that has yet to be examined among adults who stutter is post-event processing, a cognitive process defined by excessive and intrusive self-criticism following a stressful communication event. Distinct from repetitive negative thinking, which is one’s general tendency to ruminate and could apply to a variety of issues unrelated to communication, post-event processing specifically occurs following a communication exchange and is linked to anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of subsequent communication situations. Given the adverse, quality-of-life consequences of post-event processing and recent research citing self-compassion as a protective factor, the proposed research study will evaluate how clinical markers of stuttering (i.e., the speaker’s experience of stuttering, self-rated stuttering severity, observer-rated stuttering severity) and self-compassion contribute to post-event processing in adults who stutter. This study will identify clinical predictors of post-event processing in adults who stutter and evaluate self-compassion as a protective factor through three specific aims. In Aims 1 and 2, we will determine the influence of the speaker’s experience of stuttering (i.e., self-reported impact of stuttering on quality of life; Aim 1) and self-rated stuttering severity (Aim 2) on post-event processing. Aims 1a and 2a will investigate self-compassion as a protective factor against post-event processing. We hypothesize that adults with more negative experiences of stuttering and higher self-rated stuttering severities will engage in more post-event processing. We also hypothesize that adults with higher self-compassion will engage in less post-event processing, regardless of stuttering experience or self-rated severity. In Aim 3, we will assess the influence of observer- rated stuttering severity on post-event processing. We hypothesize that observer-rated severity will not predict post-event processing in adults who stutter. To achieve these aims, participants will self-report their experience of stuttering and self-compassion, engage in a standardized communication stressor task, and self- report stuttering severity and post-event processing. Objective stuttering severity will be collected via unbiased listeners. Analyses will include a moderated linear regression with relevant covariates. This proposal is responsive to NIDCD’s priority areas 2 and 3 and therefore is relevant to public health, as the intended aims will 1) identify clinical and psychosocial factors associated with post-event processing in adults who stutter, and 2) inform assessment and treatment for adults who stutter, an understudied population.