Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Post-event Processing in Adults who Stutter

项目摘要 口吃是一种通过基因传播的神经生理疾病，然而，人们普遍假设 口吃是紧张或焦虑的结果。这种误解导致了有害的生活质量 结果，许多口吃的人经历了他们正在进行的交流， 被嘲笑被歧视被污名化口吃的成年人发展社交能力的风险增加 焦虑症，导致抑郁、社交退缩和/或自杀意念。一个贡献者， 在口吃的成年人中，社交焦虑的持续性尚未得到检验，这是一种事后处理， 一种认知过程，在紧张的沟通事件之后，过度的和侵入性的自我批评。 与重复的消极思维不同，消极思维是一个人沉思的一般倾向，可以适用于一个 各种与沟通无关的问题，事后处理具体发生在 沟通交流，并与预期焦虑和避免随后的沟通 situations.考虑到事后处理和最近的研究引用的不利的生活质量后果， 自我同情作为一个保护因素，拟议的研究将评估如何临床标志物， 口吃（即，说话者的口吃经历，自我评定的口吃严重程度， 严重性）和自我同情有助于口吃成年人的事后处理。这项研究将确定 口吃成人事件后处理的临床预测因素，并评估自我同情作为保护性 通过三个具体目标。在目标1和2中，我们将确定演讲者的影响力。 口吃的经历（即，自我报告的口吃对生活质量的影响;目标1）和自我评价 口吃严重程度（目标2）对事后加工的影响。目标1a和2a将研究自我同情， 一个防止事后处理的保护因素。我们假设， 口吃的经历和更高的自我评定的口吃严重程度将参与更多的事后处理。 我们还假设，具有较高自我同情的成年人将参与较少的事后处理， 无论口吃的经历或自我评价的严重程度如何。在目标3中，我们将评估观察者的影响力- 在事后处理中评定口吃的严重程度。我们假设，超严重等级的严重程度不会 预测口吃成年人的事后处理。为了实现这些目标，参与者将自我报告他们的 口吃和自我同情的经验，从事标准化的沟通压力源任务，和自我 报告口吃的严重程度和事后处理。客观口吃严重程度将通过无偏的 听众分析将包括具有相关协变量的适度线性回归。这项建议是 响应NIDCD的优先领域2和3，因此与公共卫生相关， 1）确定与口吃成年人事后处理相关的临床和心理社会因素， 2)为口吃的成年人提供信息评估和治疗，这是一个研究不足的人群。

Project Abstract Stuttering is a neurophysiological disorder that is genetically transmitted, yet, there is a pervasive assumption that stuttering is the result of being nervous or anxious. This misconception results in deleterious quality-of-life consequences, with many persons who stutter experiencing communication exchanges in which they are mocked, discriminated against, and stigmatized. Adults who stutter are at increased risk for developing social anxiety disorder, leading to depression, social withdrawal, and/or suicidal ideation. One contributor to the persistence of social anxiety that has yet to be examined among adults who stutter is post-event processing, a cognitive process defined by excessive and intrusive self-criticism following a stressful communication event. Distinct from repetitive negative thinking, which is one’s general tendency to ruminate and could apply to a variety of issues unrelated to communication, post-event processing specifically occurs following a communication exchange and is linked to anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of subsequent communication situations. Given the adverse, quality-of-life consequences of post-event processing and recent research citing self-compassion as a protective factor, the proposed research study will evaluate how clinical markers of stuttering (i.e., the speaker’s experience of stuttering, self-rated stuttering severity, observer-rated stuttering severity) and self-compassion contribute to post-event processing in adults who stutter. This study will identify clinical predictors of post-event processing in adults who stutter and evaluate self-compassion as a protective factor through three specific aims. In Aims 1 and 2, we will determine the influence of the speaker’s experience of stuttering (i.e., self-reported impact of stuttering on quality of life; Aim 1) and self-rated stuttering severity (Aim 2) on post-event processing. Aims 1a and 2a will investigate self-compassion as a protective factor against post-event processing. We hypothesize that adults with more negative experiences of stuttering and higher self-rated stuttering severities will engage in more post-event processing. We also hypothesize that adults with higher self-compassion will engage in less post-event processing, regardless of stuttering experience or self-rated severity. In Aim 3, we will assess the influence of observer- rated stuttering severity on post-event processing. We hypothesize that observer-rated severity will not predict post-event processing in adults who stutter. To achieve these aims, participants will self-report their experience of stuttering and self-compassion, engage in a standardized communication stressor task, and self- report stuttering severity and post-event processing. Objective stuttering severity will be collected via unbiased listeners. Analyses will include a moderated linear regression with relevant covariates. This proposal is responsive to NIDCD’s priority areas 2 and 3 and therefore is relevant to public health, as the intended aims will 1) identify clinical and psychosocial factors associated with post-event processing in adults who stutter, and 2) inform assessment and treatment for adults who stutter, an understudied population.