Roles of Non-REM and REM sleep in facilitating visual perceptual learning

总结 这是R 01资助提案的重新提交，题为“非快速眼动和快速眼动睡眠在促进 视知觉学习”。视觉感知学习（VPL）指的是长期的性能增强， 视觉任务是视觉体验的结果。VPL不仅提供了对视觉和大脑的实质性洞察， 可塑性，但也可以帮助发展一种有效的临床工具，以改善视力受损或 由于疾病或其他原因而下降。因此，关键是要研究哪些因素促进VPL。虽然 许多研究已经开发出有效的方法，以促进VPL在培训期间，少得多的是已知的 睡眠在促进VPL（睡眠促进）中的作用。更好地理解角色， 睡眠促进机制在改善视觉训练方法方面可能具有巨大的潜力。 我们的初步研究确定了VPL中睡眠的3种促进作用：离线性能增益，稳定， 以及促进睡眠后的学习。目的1将探讨这3种睡眠易化的机制 测试效果：H（假设）1-1：背外侧前额叶皮层（dlPFC）和早期视觉区（EVAs） H1-2：腹内侧PFC（vmPFC）和 EVAs在REM睡眠期间诱导稳定中起作用，H1-3：vmPFC和EVAs在REM睡眠期间诱导稳定中起作用。 诱导REM睡眠期间的睡眠后学习促进。这将通过测量E/I比变化来完成 在NREM和REM睡眠期间的视网膜定位定义的EVA、dlPFC和vmPFC中， 多导睡眠图（PSG）以及E/I比值变化与每种睡眠促进效应之间的相关性。如果 结果支持这些假设，我们将测试dlPFC和/或vmPFC是否发挥相似或不同的作用， EVA在诱导睡眠促进中的作用。为此，我们将比较E/I比率变化和相关性 dlPFC或vmPFC中的每种睡眠促进效应和E/I比变化与EVAs中的变化之间存在差异。 我们的另一项初步研究表明，在训练期间和训练后的睡眠中提供的奖励与每一个相互作用。 另一种是增强离线性能增益。这表明奖赏过程从根本上参与了睡眠 便利化目标2将研究奖励是否以及如何与睡眠相互作用，以增强睡眠促进效应。 首先，我们将通过测试H2-1来检验另外两种睡眠促进效应：奖励和睡眠相互作用 H2-2：奖励和睡眠相互作用，增强睡眠后 学习促进。接下来，我们将通过测试H2-3：睡眠来研究交互作用的机制 易化效应可能涉及NREM和REM睡眠期间的dlPFC、vmPFC和EVAs， 并因奖励而增强。为了测试H2-1至H-2-3，我们将测量每次睡眠的心理物理表现 在NREM和REM睡眠期间，EVAs，vmPFC和dlPFC的易化效应以及E/I比值的变化 由PSG监控。

Summary This is a resubmission of the R01 grant proposal entitled “Roles of Non-REM and REM sleep in facilitating visual perceptual learning”. Visual perceptual learning (VPL) refers to long-term performance enhancement on a visual task as a result of visual experience. VPL not only provides substantial insight into visual and brain plasticity but can also help in the development of an effective clinical tool to improve vision that is damaged or declining due to disease or other causes. Thus, it is crucial to examine what factors facilitate VPL. Although a number of studies have developed effective methods to facilitate VPL during training, much less is known about the role that sleep plays in facilitating VPL (sleep facilitation). A better understanding of the roles and mechanisms of sleep facilitation may be of enormous potential in improving visual training methods. Our pilot study identified 3 types of facilitatory effects of sleep in VPL: offline performance gains, stabilization, and post-sleep learning promotion. Aim 1 will investigate the underlying mechanism of these 3 sleep facilitation effects by testing: H(ypothesis)1-1: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and early visual areas (EVAs) play a role in inducing offline performance gains during NREM sleep, H1-2: The ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and EVAs play a role in inducing stabilization during REM sleep, and H1-3: The vmPFC and EVAs play a role in inducing postsleep learning promotion during REM sleep. This will be done by measuring the E/I ratio changes in the retinotopically-defined EVAs, dlPFC, and vmPFC during NREM and REM sleep monitored by polysomnography (PSG) and the correlation between the E/I ratio changes and each sleep facilitation effect. If the results support these hypotheses, we will test whether the dlPFC and/or vmPFC plays a similar or different role from EVAs in inducing sleep facilitation. To do so, we will compare the E/I ratio changes and the correlation between each sleep facilitation effect and the E/I ratio changes in the dlPFC or vmPFC with those in EVAs. Our other pilot study indicates that reward provided during training and posttraining sleep interact with each other to enhance offline performance gains. This suggests that reward process is fundamentally involved in sleep facilitation. Aim 2 will examine whether and how reward interacts with sleep to enhance sleep facilitation effects. First, we will examine the other two sleep facilitation effects by testing H2-1: Reward and sleep interact with each other and enhance stabilization, and H2-2: Reward and sleep interact with each other and enhance postsleep learning promotion. Next, we will examine the mechanism underlying the interaction effect by testing H2-3: Sleep facilitation effects, which may involve the dlPFC, vmPFC and EVAs during NREM and REM sleep, interact with and are enhanced by reward. To test H2-1 to H-2-3, we will measure psychophysical performance for each sleep facilitation effect as well as the E/I ratio changes in EVAs, vmPFC and dlPFC during NREM and REM sleep monitored by PSG.