The Individual, Situational, and Contextual Risk Factors for Violent Firearm Injury and Firearm Homicide: A Comparative, Policy-Focused Approach

暴力枪支伤害和枪支凶杀的个人、情境和背景风险因素：一种以政策为重点的比较方法

• 批准号: 10399331
• 负责人: Brendan Lantz
• 金额: $ 49.04万
• 依托单位: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-09-17 至 2024-09-16
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10399331
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Age; Alcohol consumption; American; Censuses; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Cessation of life; Characteristics; Communities; Complex; County; Crime; Criminal Justice; Criminology; Data; Data Sources; Databases; Drug usage; Firearms; Frequencies; Funding Mechanisms; Goals; Gun injury; Guns; Healthcare; Homicide; Individual; Information Systems; Injury; Intervention; Knowledge; Law Enforcement; Laws; Linear Models; Measures; Mental Health; Modeling; Nature; Outcome; Pattern; Phase; Police; Policies; Population Density; Prevention; Procedures; Public Health; Race; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Risk; Risk Factors; Series; Sociology; Source; Structure; Sum; System; Variant; Violence; Violent injury; base; comparative; contextual factors; experience; gun violence; improved; individual variation; innovation; large-scale database; mortality; mortality risk; offender; perpetrators; physical conditioning; protective factors; sex; statistics; substance use; violent crime

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Nearly 40,000 people in the U.S. die from firearm-related deaths each year, and a sizable proportion of these deaths are homicides (roughly 37%). Non-lethal gun violence occurs even more frequently than lethal gun violence. In other words, while most research focuses on lethal gun violence, gun violence may be (a) physically non-injurious (i.e., a gun is brandished but not used); (b) injurious but non-lethal; or (c) lethal. Each of these outcomes have important public health implications for mental health, physical health, and mortality risk and prevention. Yet, we currently lack basic information on the nature and extent of most gun violence, particularly non-lethal gun violence. Following this, this proposal contends that to move knowledge of gun violence forward, it is essential to consider the individual, situational, and contextual risk factors for both non-lethal and lethal gun violence within a comprehensive, comparative framework. Put simply, studying gun violence without considering non-lethal injury might result in a mischaracterization of gun violence as a whole. Importantly, we also lack fundamental information about the impact and efficacy of many firearm policies on gun violence. Again, the impact of these various policies on non-lethal gun violence is particularly under- researched, despite the potential for variation in this impact. It is possible, for example, that some laws may have impacts on fatal gun violence, but less of an impact on non-fatal gun violence (i.e., by decreasing lethality, but not frequency). Other laws may have impacts on both fatal and non-fatal gun violence, while still other laws may have no effect on either form of gun violence. Yet, these patterns have not been systematically examined to this point. Following this, to address these research gaps, this research will use a combination of several data sources to compile a large-scale, detailed database which can be used to examine the factors and policies associated with firearm violence in three phases. First, the research team will compile data on violent crime to examine a number of measures intended to capture the diverse nature of firearm violence, including: (a) gun violence not resulting in physical injury; (b) gun violence resulting in non-fatal injury; and (c) gun violence resulting in death. Second, we will examine variation in these different types of gun violence according to a number of individual, situational, and contextual factors by using a series of multivariate regression models to examine variation in both the likelihood of each form of gun violence, and the rates of each form of gun violence. Specifically, we will examine differences according to: (1) individual perpetrator and victim characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race, victim-offender relationship); (2) the situational context of the offense (e.g., offense type, drug and alcohol use); and (3) the broader community context in which the offense occurs (e.g., population density, community characteristics). Finally, we will examine the overall association between state- level gun policies and gun-related violence generally, as well as the distinct association between these same policies and each form of gun violence (i.e., nonlethal and lethal).

项目总结/摘要 在美国，每年有近4万人死于与枪支有关的死亡，其中相当大的一部分人 死亡是谋杀（约37%）。非致命枪支暴力的发生频率甚至比致命枪支更高 暴力换句话说，虽然大多数研究都集中在致命的枪支暴力上，但枪支暴力可能（a）身体上 无害的（即，挥舞枪支但未使用）;（B）造成伤害但不致命;或（c）致命。这一切成功都 结果对心理健康、身体健康和死亡风险具有重要的公共卫生意义， 预防然而，我们目前缺乏关于大多数枪支暴力的性质和程度的基本信息， 非致命枪支暴力在此之后，该提案认为，为了提高对枪支暴力的认识， 因此，必须考虑非致命性和非致命性的个人、情境和背景风险因素， 和致命的枪支暴力在一个全面的，比较的框架。简而言之，研究枪支暴力 如果不考虑非致命伤害，可能会导致对整个枪支暴力的错误描述。 重要的是，我们还缺乏关于许多枪支政策对儿童的影响和效力的基本信息。 枪支暴力同样，这些不同政策对非致命枪支暴力的影响尤其不足- 研究，尽管在这种影响的变化的潜力。例如，有些法律可能 对致命枪支暴力有影响，但对非致命枪支暴力的影响较小（即，通过降低致死率， 而不是频率）。其他法律可能对致命和非致命枪支暴力都有影响， 可能对任何一种形式的枪支暴力都没有影响。然而，这些模式尚未得到系统的研究， 这一点接下来，为了解决这些研究差距，本研究将使用多个数据的组合 资料来源，以编制一个大规模的，详细的数据库，可用于审查的因素和政策 与枪支暴力有关的三个阶段。首先，研究小组将收集暴力犯罪的数据， 审查一些旨在反映枪支暴力的不同性质的措施，包括： 未造成身体伤害的暴力;（B）造成非致命伤害的枪支暴力;以及（c）枪支暴力 导致死亡第二，我们将根据一项研究， 通过使用一系列多元回归模型， 检查每种形式的枪支暴力的可能性和每种形式的枪支使用率的变化， 暴力具体而言，我们将根据以下方面来研究差异：（1）犯罪者和受害者个人 特性（例如，年龄、性别、种族、受害者-犯罪者关系）;（2）犯罪的情境背景（例如， 犯罪类型、毒品和酒精使用）;以及（3）犯罪发生的更广泛的社区背景（例如， 人口密度、社区特征）。最后，我们将研究国家之间的整体关联- 一般而言，枪支政策和与枪支有关的暴力，以及这些政策和暴力之间的明显联系， 政策和各种形式的枪支暴力（即，非致命性和致命性）。