Improving patient safety using Virtual Reality (VR) to train and assess emergency personnel responding to a mass casualty incident (MCI)

项目概要/摘要： 最近发生的恐怖事件提醒我们，需要采取协调和有效的应对措施， 安全，受害者生存，以及第一反应者的安全。目前的模拟来训练这种情况 一般包括大规模伤亡事件（MCI）的书面案例或模拟再现。这些模拟 通常由紧急救援人员组成，他们对模型人体模型进行分类， 演员通过增加噪音、烟雾、警报器和媒体等其他干扰因素， 和警力部署取决于可用资源。虽然这些模拟可能是有效的， 建造和维护费用昂贵，往往不能被其他机构复制， 真实性和逼真度模拟实际事件，并完全依赖于人类评估人员来评估参与者。 虚拟现实（VR）提供了模拟真实的生活情景的高度沉浸式娱乐的机会。VR 提供了一个很好的方法来模拟复杂的场景，如大规模伤亡事件， 学生，工作人员和第一反应者能够在更接近真实生活的环境中进行培训 situations. VR技术、硬件和软件的最新改进现在可以创建 逼真的，高度身临其境的模拟，可以利用各种各样的学员和机构在一个 成本效益的方式。VR系统可以被设计为包括实时，自动化，无偏见的评估， 是否达到了教育或培训目标。VR系统还可以以更低的成本实现重播功能 比模拟MCI的情景模拟要好。最后，系统可以被设计成提供不同水平的 使用程序变化的困难或可互换的场景。本提案的总体目标是 评估虚拟现实作为模拟大规模伤亡事件的培训和评估工具， 地铁爆炸案，并评估这些模拟的有效性相比，现有的模拟方法。 该提案描述了一个 高度沉浸式虚拟现实模拟，可供大学的各种学员使用， 医学院、培训项目以及当地消防、安全和EMS部门。

Project Summary/Abstract: Recent terrorist incidents remind us of the need for coordinated and effective responses to improve patient safety, victim survival, and the safety of first responders. Current simulations to train for situations like this generally include paper cases or analog recreation of mass casualty incidents (MCI). These simulations typically are comprised of teams of emergency responders triaging a combination of moulaged manikins and actors. The drills can be made more realistic by adding noise, smoke, sirens and other distractions like media and police presence depending on the resources available. Although these simulations may be effective, they are expensive to construct and maintain, are often not duplicable by other institutions, vary in their degree of reality and fidelity simulating the actual event, and rely fully on human evaluators to assess the participants. Virtual reality (VR) offers the opportunity to simulate highly immersive recreations of real life situations. VR provides an excellent approach for simulating complex scenarios such as mass casualty incidents, allowing students, staff, and first responders the ability to train in environments that more closely mimic real-life situations. Recent improvements in VR technology, hardware, and software now enable the creation of realistic, highly immersive simulations that can be utilized by a wide variety of trainees and institutions in a cost-effective manner. VR systems can be designed to include real-time, automated, unbiased assessment of whether educational or training objectives are being met. VR systems also enable replay ability at a lesser cost than analog scenario simulations of MCI. Finally, systems can be designed to provide different levels of difficulty or interchangeable scenarios using procedural variations. The overall goal of the present proposal is to evaluate virtual reality as a training and assessment tool for simulating a mass casualty incident following a subway bombing, and assess the effectiveness of these simulations compared to existing analog approaches. The proposal describes the design, development, evaluation, assessment, packaging, and deployment of a highly immersive virtual reality simulation that can be utilized by a wide variety of trainees at universities, medical schools, training programs, and local fire, safety, and EMS departments.