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Characterizing the viral and host effector mechanisms that govern HIV-1 rebound

表征控制 HIV-1 反弹的病毒和宿主效应机制

基本信息

批准号：
10437036
负责人：
Katharine June Bar
金额：
$ 81.25万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2021-06-25 至 2026-05-31
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10437036
关键词：
AIDS/HIV problem Acute Address Aftercare Animal Model Biodiversity Biological Biology Blood Blood Tests Brain CD4 Positive T Lymphocytes CRISPR screen Cells Chronic Clinical Data Disease remission Frequencies Genes Goals Gold HIV-1 Host Defense Mechanism Human Immune Immune response Individual Infection Integration Host Factors Interferons Interruption Kinetics Knock-out Knowledge Lead Lymph Lymphoid Tissue Macaca mulatta Maps Methods Microglia Minority Molecular Cloning Myeloid Cells Participant Pathway interactions Phenotype Plasma Property Proviruses Recrudescences Research Resistance Sampling Site Source Testing Thoracic Duct Time Tissues Translating Tropism Variant Viral Viral Genes Viral reservoir Viremia Virus Woman antiretroviral therapy clinically relevant cohort cytokine design improved in vivo insight lymphatic duct macrophage male novel strategies pressure prevent reactivation from latency recruit response simian human immunodeficiency virus viral rebound

项目摘要

PROJECT SUMMARY A central goal in HIV/AIDS cure research is preventing or delaying viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption (ATI). It is widely assumed that understanding the viral and host factors involved in in vivo latency reactivation would lead to new, more rational cure strategies; however, the biology and provenance of the rebounding virus remains largely unknown. Here, we propose to leverage four recent discoveries from our groups to gain insight into the mechanisms of HIV-1 recrudescence. Using “gold standard” sampling methods to characterize the latent reservoir before and after treatment interruption (ATI), we discovered that viral isolates derived by quantitative virus outgrowth (QVOA) do not represent or predict the viruses that emerge in the plasma following treatment interruption (1, 2). We also found that rebound viruses, but not QVOA-derived reservoir viruses, were highly resistant to type 1 interferons (IFN-I), indicating potent host innate responses at the site of viral recrudescence (3). Surprisingly, some, but not all, rebound suggesting isolates replicated to high titers in macrophages, a greater biological diversity than previously known. Finally, we discovered that IFN-I resistant rebound viruses have the ability to reseed the reservoir, raising the possibility of long-term clinical consequences of ATI (2, 3). In this application, we will leverage these discoveries to elucidate the viral and host factors that govern HIV-1 rebound. Our hypothesis is that by (i) determining the universality, kinetics and clinical impact of IFN-I resistance during rebound, (ii) defining the viral determinants of IFN-I resistance and the host interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that place pressure on the rebounding virus, and (iii) tracing the provenance of IFN-I resistant rebound viruses, we will uncover key mechanisms that control HIV-1 reactivation from latency. In Aim 1, we will expand our studies to more diverse ATI trial participants, including women, minorities, acute and early ART initiators and individuals receiving IFN-I modulating therapies, to assess the generality of the IFN-I resistant phenotype of rebound viruses. We will also test to what extent IFN-I resistance persists during prolonged ATI and determine how this influences the rates of IFN-I resistant viruses that reseed the reservoir. In Aim 2, we will elucidate the biological properties of rebound HIV-1, map the viral determinants of IFN-I resistance, and identify the host interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that place pressure on the recrudescing virus. In Aim 3, we will trace the provenance of rebound virus by testing blood, thoracic duct lymph and lymphatic tissue using regular and modified QVOAs, examine whether long-lived myeloid cells, including brain macrophages and microglia, serve as reservoirs of IFN-I resistant viruses, and explore whether SHIV-infected rhesus macaques recapitulate the IFN-I phenotypes of HIV-1 reservoir and rebound viruses. We expect these studies to improve our understanding of the clinically relevant, rebound competent HIV-1 reservoir, the mechanisms underlying in vivo viral reactivation and the host factors that place pressure on the rebounding virus pool, which should lead to more rational and effective HIV/AIDS cure strategies. .

项目总结