Structural racism in schools: Evaluating the impact of academic tracking and de-tracking on substance use and health during adolescence and the transition to adulthood

项目概要/摘要 学术跟踪是一种广泛使用的做法，根据先前的学术水平将学生分组到班级。 这是一种表现，但被批评为一种结构性种族主义和歧视，因为它导致了 黑人和拉丁裔学生集中在低性能轨道。除了潜在的长期影响外， 教育程度是健康的一个强有力的社会决定因素，学术跟踪可能直接影响 青少年社交网络和物质使用行为。通过将学生分组， 表现好的同龄人，跟踪可能会加强学校的脱离和危险的健康行为，如物质使用， 暴力和不良行为。然而，没有已知的研究检查健康 学术跟踪的影响，也没有测试是否干预拆除跟踪积极影响 健康通过个人决定的进步（AVID）是一个成功的大学预科课程， 一部分是通过“去跟踪”学生来实现的。AVID的目标是来自高等教育中代表性不足的群体的学生。 教育，像黑人和拉丁裔学生，把他们放在严格的大学预科课程，并提供 学术和社会支持，以确保他们的成功。在我们的试点研究中，少数学生在5个公共 学校被随机分配到AVID。我们发现，这个项目使他们与更多亲社会的同龄人建立了联系， 吸毒和犯罪的几率更低当在全校范围内应用时，AVID培训学校，以确保所有 学生可以参加严格的大学预科课程。然而，没有研究测试健康 AVID的学校范围内的计划的影响。我们建议对参加5个AVID的青少年进行纵向研究 学校和10所匹配的比较学校（在地理位置和学生人口统计数据上匹配）， 以及南加州的多种族社区。参与者将被跟踪4年， 暴露于AVID是否导致a）30天物质使用率降低（主要结局-定义为任何 酒精，烟草，vaping，大麻，处方药，或非法药物使用在过去30天内），和其他物质 使用行为，暴力和犯罪; B）增加了大学预科课程的入学人数， 更健康的社交网络（通过更少的同龄人参与物质使用，更多的同龄人参与学校， 以及更多与学校有关的成年人）;以及c）是否解释了AVID和物质使用之间的关联 通过减少大学预科课程中的种族/民族差异和更健康的社交网络。我们将 对干预和对照学校的3，570名9 - 12年级学生进行了为期4年的跟踪调查，收集了行政管理信息。 教育数据、健康行为和社会网络调查数据， 过渡到大学和/或劳动力。这项研究将产生重要的知识，可以告知教育和 关于学术跟踪和使用诸如AVID之类的脱离跟踪干预措施的卫生政策。本主题 解决了结构性种族主义和歧视对物质使用的影响，并符合NIDA的 使命是开展和传播研究，大大改善药物滥用和成瘾预防。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Academic tracking is a widely used practice that groups students into classes according to prior academic performance, but has been criticized as a form of structural racism and discrimination, as it leads to the concentration of Black and Latinx students in low-performing tracks. In addition to potential long-term impacts on education attainment, a powerful social determinant of health, academic tracking may directly affect adolescent social networks and substance use behaviors. By grouping students together with similarly performing peers, tracking may reinforce school disengagement and risky health behaviors like substance use, violence, and delinquency among lower-performing students. However, no known studies examine the health implications of academic tracking nor tested whether interventions to dismantle tracking positively impact health. Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) is a successful college preparatory program that works in part by “de-tracking” students. AVID targets students from groups under-represented in higher education, like Black and Latinx students, places them in rigorous college-preparatory courses, and provides academic and social support to ensure their success. In our pilot study, a handful of students within 5 public schools were randomized to AVID. We found the program led to connections with more pro-social peers and lower odds of substance use and delinquency. When applied school-wide, AVID trains schools to ensure all students have access to rigorous college-preparatory courses. However, there are no studies testing the health effects of AVID's school-wide program. We propose a longitudinal study of adolescents attending 5 AVID schools and 10 matched comparison schools (matched on location and student demographics) from racially and ethnically diverse communities in Southern California. Participants will be followed for 4 years to test whether exposure to AVID leads to a) lower rates of 30-day substance use (primary outcome--defined as any alcohol, tobacco, vaping, cannabis, prescription, or illicit drug use in the prior 30 days), and other substance use behaviors, violence and delinquency; b) increased enrollment in college-preparatory course taking and healthier social networks (measured by fewer peers engaged in substance use, more peers engaged in school, and more school-related adults); and c) whether associations between AVID and substance use are explained by reduced racial/ethnic disparities in college-preparatory course taking and healthier social networks. We will follow 3,570 9th-12th grade students at intervention and control schools for 4 years, collecting administrative education data and health behavior and social network survey data as they progress through high school and transition to college and/or the work force. This study will yield critical knowledge that can inform education and health policy regarding academic tracking and the use of de-tracking interventions like AVID. This topic addresses the impact of structural racism and discrimination on substance use and is in keeping with NIDA's mission to develop and disseminate research that significantly improves drug abuse and addiction prevention.