Structural racism in schools: Evaluating the impact of academic tracking and de-tracking on substance use and health during adolescence and the transition to adulthood

项目摘要/摘要 学业跟踪是一种广泛使用的做法，它根据先前的学业将学生分组到班级 表演，但被批评为结构性种族主义和歧视的一种形式，因为它导致 黑人和拉丁裔学生集中在表现不佳的轨道上。除了潜在的长期影响 在教育程度这一健康的强大社会决定因素上，学业跟踪可能直接影响 青少年的社会网络和物质使用行为。通过将学生分组在一起，使用类似的 在同龄人中，跟踪可能会加强学校的脱离和危险的健康行为，如药物使用， 暴力，以及表现不佳的学生中的犯罪行为。然而，目前还没有已知的研究对健康进行检查 学术跟踪的影响也没有测试取消跟踪的干预措施是否会产生积极影响 健康。通过个人决心促进进步(AVID)是一项成功的大学预科计划， 这在一定程度上是通过“去追踪”学生来实现的。Avid的目标学生来自高等教育中代表性不足的群体 教育，就像黑人和拉丁裔学生一样，把他们安排在严格的大学预科课程中，并提供 学术和社会支持，以确保他们的成功。在我们的试点研究中，5个公共区域内的少数学生 学校被随机分配到Avid。我们发现，这个项目让我们与更多亲社会的同龄人建立了联系， 吸食毒品和犯罪的几率较低。当在学校范围内应用时，Avid培训学校以确保所有 学生们可以参加严格的大学预科课程。然而，目前还没有测试健康状况的研究。 Avid的全校计划的效果。我们建议对参加5Avd的青少年进行一项纵向研究 学校和10所相匹配的比较学校(在地点和学生人口统计上相匹配)，按种族分类 以及南加州不同种族的社区。参与者将被跟踪4年以进行测试 暴露于Avid是否导致a)较低的30天药物使用率(主要结果--定义为 酒精、烟草、蒸发、大麻、处方或非法药物使用)，以及其他物质 使用行为、暴力和犯罪；b)增加大学预科课程的入学率和 更健康的社交网络(通过更少的同伴使用物质，更多的同伴参与学校， 和更多与学校有关的成年人)；以及c)是否解释了贪婪和使用药物之间的联系 通过减少大学预科课程中的种族/族裔差距和更健康的社会网络。我们会 对干预学校和对照学校的3570名9-12年级学生进行为期4年的跟踪调查，收集行政管理信息 教育数据、健康行为和社交网络调查数据，随着他们在高中和 过渡到大学和/或工作大军。这项研究将产生批判性知识，可以为教育和 关于学术跟踪和使用去跟踪干预措施的卫生政策，如Avid。本主题 解决结构性种族主义和歧视对物质使用的影响，并与NIDA的 开发和传播显著改善药物滥用和成瘾预防的研究的使命。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Academic tracking is a widely used practice that groups students into classes according to prior academic performance, but has been criticized as a form of structural racism and discrimination, as it leads to the concentration of Black and Latinx students in low-performing tracks. In addition to potential long-term impacts on education attainment, a powerful social determinant of health, academic tracking may directly affect adolescent social networks and substance use behaviors. By grouping students together with similarly performing peers, tracking may reinforce school disengagement and risky health behaviors like substance use, violence, and delinquency among lower-performing students. However, no known studies examine the health implications of academic tracking nor tested whether interventions to dismantle tracking positively impact health. Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) is a successful college preparatory program that works in part by “de-tracking” students. AVID targets students from groups under-represented in higher education, like Black and Latinx students, places them in rigorous college-preparatory courses, and provides academic and social support to ensure their success. In our pilot study, a handful of students within 5 public schools were randomized to AVID. We found the program led to connections with more pro-social peers and lower odds of substance use and delinquency. When applied school-wide, AVID trains schools to ensure all students have access to rigorous college-preparatory courses. However, there are no studies testing the health effects of AVID's school-wide program. We propose a longitudinal study of adolescents attending 5 AVID schools and 10 matched comparison schools (matched on location and student demographics) from racially and ethnically diverse communities in Southern California. Participants will be followed for 4 years to test whether exposure to AVID leads to a) lower rates of 30-day substance use (primary outcome--defined as any alcohol, tobacco, vaping, cannabis, prescription, or illicit drug use in the prior 30 days), and other substance use behaviors, violence and delinquency; b) increased enrollment in college-preparatory course taking and healthier social networks (measured by fewer peers engaged in substance use, more peers engaged in school, and more school-related adults); and c) whether associations between AVID and substance use are explained by reduced racial/ethnic disparities in college-preparatory course taking and healthier social networks. We will follow 3,570 9th-12th grade students at intervention and control schools for 4 years, collecting administrative education data and health behavior and social network survey data as they progress through high school and transition to college and/or the work force. This study will yield critical knowledge that can inform education and health policy regarding academic tracking and the use of de-tracking interventions like AVID. This topic addresses the impact of structural racism and discrimination on substance use and is in keeping with NIDA's mission to develop and disseminate research that significantly improves drug abuse and addiction prevention.