Project 1: The effects of cigarette package color on smoking behavior, exposure and risk perception when using low nicotine content cigarettes

项目摘要 美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）有权控制香烟中的尼古丁含量。尼古丁含量降低的香烟 减少依赖性和有毒物质暴露，这表明强制低剂量的潜在公共卫生益处。 尼古丁产品标准。然而，这些发现主要来自使用调查性低血糖的研究。 基本包装的尼古丁含量香烟，没有伴随的营销活动。因此不 目前可用于告知这些产品如何销售的法规的数据-这也是 FDA的权威，一个可能被烟草业操纵的领域，以及一个潜在的机会， 最大限度地发挥强制减少尼古丁的监管影响。在一个受管制的环境中， 如果所有香烟的含量都降低到相同的水平，烟草业可能会依赖营销， 专门包装-“最后的沟通工具”-表达品牌形象，促进销售， 含蓄地传达品牌吸引力、质量和健康诉求。该行业此前操纵了 使用较浅颜色的包装来包装“淡”香烟，以虚假地暗示这些产品较少 比普通香烟更有害。如果低尼古丁含量香烟使用类似的误导性包装， 通过增加产品使用，创造危害减少的观念，从而破坏尼古丁减少的益处 和曝光。 烟草控制倡导者认为，普通包装应该减少吸烟者对烟草安全性的信念。 这可能会使某些彩色香烟品牌的香烟变得不那么吸引人或令人不满意。然而，在这方面， 研究还没有研究如何普通香烟包装会影响吸烟行为时，尼古丁含量 香烟中的含量明显降低。因此，研究评估包装对吸烟者使用低剂量香烟的影响， 尼古丁含量香烟和他们暴露于有毒成分是非常必要的，以告知烟草控制 在这些产品被授权并广泛销售之前， 该项目旨在评估低尼古丁含量卷烟包装对两个主要结果的影响： 吸烟行为（即，每日香烟消费和吸烟行为）和生物毒物暴露。我们 还将探讨低尼古丁含量香烟包装如何影响产品风险认知和主观 评级，以确定这些结果是否介导包装对吸烟行为的影响。拟定研究 将是第一个在香烟包装的背景下，使用严格的 行为的、生物的、主观的和心理的结果面板。我们的香烟包装操作 将审查烟草业的做法和有希望的公共卫生倡议， 经验证据，为未来的FDA法规提供信息。

PROJECT SUMMARY The US FDA has the authority to regulate cigarette nicotine levels. Cigarettes with reduced nicotine content decrease dependence and toxicant exposure, suggesting potential public health benefits of mandating a low nicotine product standard. These findings, however, come primarily from studies using investigational low nicotine content cigarettes in basic packaging with no accompanying marketing campaign. Thus, there is no data currently available to inform the regulation of how these products are marketed—a domain also under the FDA's authority, an area likely to be manipulated by the tobacco industry, and a potential opportunity to maximize the regulatory impact of mandated nicotine reduction. In a regulated environment where nicotine content is reduced to the same level across all cigarettes, the tobacco industry will likely rely on marketing, and specifically packaging—the “final communication vehicle”—to express brand image, promote sales, and implicitly convey brand attractiveness, quality and health appeals. The industry previously manipulated the packaging of “light” cigarettes using lighter colored packages to falsely imply that these products were less harmful than regular cigarettes. If low nicotine content cigarettes utilize similar misleading packaging, this may create perceptions of reduced harm that undermine benefits of nicotine reduction by increasing product use and exposure. Tobacco control advocates argue that plain packaging should decrease smokers' beliefs about the safety of certain colored cigarette brands, and may also make cigarette brands less appealing or satisfying. However, studies have not examined how plain cigarette packaging will affect smoking behaviors when nicotine content in the cigarette is significantly lowered. Thus, research evaluating packaging effects on smokers' use of low nicotine content cigarettes and their exposure to toxic constituents is critically needed to inform tobacco control policy decisions before these products are mandated and widely marketed. This project seeks to evaluate the effects of low nicotine content cigarette packaging on two primary outcomes: smoking behavior (i.e., daily cigarette consumption and puffing behavior) and biological toxicant exposure. We will also explore how low nicotine content cigarette packaging affects product risk perceptions and subjective ratings to determine if these outcomes mediate packaging effects on smoking behaviors. The proposed study will be the first to examine low nicotine content cigarettes in the context of cigarette packaging using rigorous behavioral, biological, subjective and psychological panels of outcomes. Our cigarette package manipulations will examine both tobacco industry approaches and promising public health initiatives that will provide essential empirical evidence to inform future FDA regulation.