Electrochemical POU Water Purification System

项目摘要 饮用水中的铅污染是美国普遍存在的健康问题。 容易受到铅中毒的影响，这可能对大脑发育产生永久性的有害影响。 由于公共供水当局采取了防腐措施， 在全国范围内定期提高，估计有1 200万条主要服务线路需要改进。 美国环境保护署（EPA）于1991年制定了铅和铜规则，以限制 这些元素，并设置行动水平为15 ppb;然而，没有铅消费的安全水平， 世界各地开始采用更严格的法规。5 -8密歇根州弗林特观察到的危机 2014年，铅暴露成为公众关注的焦点，提高了消费者的意识。7年后，铅 饮用水供应的污染仍然是一个全国性问题。 目前市场上的铅过滤器缺乏特异性，其有限的设备寿命由铅的总量决定。 过滤的水量，与铅浓度无关。家用水净化的现有解决方案包括 古老而过时PowerTech Water（PTW）的ElectraMetTM是一种电化学过滤器， 去除铅。该装置使用活性炭电极和小的外加电压（< 2.0 V）， 在电池内的碳基阳极和阴极处引起法拉第反应。通过调整设备 配置和操作参数，铅将从溶液中沉淀出来，并被永久去除， 其他溶解的矿物质不受影响。 在该CRP项目中，PTW的目标是设计一种符合目标最终用途产品规范的POU器械 和认证标准。在这项工作完成后，我们预计一个以消费者为中心的设备， 超过了当前现成解决方案的性能。该器械对铅具有可靠性和特异性， 具有多年的系统寿命，并且不会被大量的水成分消耗。这些 将通过以下具体目标实现业绩目标： 1. POU解决方案的产品外形设计。预期成果：一种适合水槽下的设计， 符合整体器械尺寸、压力容差、价格点和电极导线移除的产品规格 性能 2.复制测试标准以获得饮用水过滤认证。预期结果： ElectraMetTM性能符合NSF/ANSI 53和61认证标准，可去除铅， 结构完整性。 3.测试POU安装以模拟真实场景。预期结果：操作参数 在不同用水情况下去除铅所需的时间，以及跟踪设备寿命的方法， 预测过滤器更换。

PROJECT SUMMARY Lead contamination in drinking water is a pervasive health problem across the US.1 Children are especially vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can have permanent detrimental effects on brain development.2,3 Despite corrosion prevention measures taken by public water authorities, lead concentrations in drinking water are routinely elevated nationwide, and an estimated 12 million lead services lines are in need of replacement.4 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established The Lead and Copper Rule in 1991 to limit exposure of these elements and set the action level to 15 ppb; however, there is no safe level of lead consumption and more stringent regulations are starting to be adopted around the world.5-8 The crisis observed in Flint, Michigan in 2014 put lead exposure into the public spotlight increasing consumer awareness. Seven years later, lead contamination of drinking water supplies remains a national issue. Lead filters currently on the market lack specificity with limited device lifetime dictated by the total amount of water volume filtered, regardless of lead concentration. Incumbent solutions for home water purification are archaic and outdated. ElectraMetTM from PowerTech Water (PTW) is an electrochemical filter that can target the removal of lead. The device uses activated carbon electrodes and a small applied voltage (< 2.0 V) to induce Faradaic reactions at both the carbon-based anodes and cathodes within the cell. By tuning the device configuration and operating parameters, lead will precipitate out of solution, and be permanently removed while other dissolved minerals are left unaffected. In this CRP project, PTW's goal is to design a POU device that meets target end-use product specifications and certification standards. At the completion of this work, we anticipate a consumer-focused device that exceeds the performance of current off-the-shelf solutions. The device will be reliable and specific for lead, have a multi-year system lifetime, and will not be consumed by abundant water constituents. These performance targets will be achieved through the following Specific Aims: 1. Product form factor design for a POU solution. Expected outcome: A design that fits under the sink and meets product specifications for the overall device size, pressure tolerance, price point, and lead removal performance. 2. Replication of testing standards to obtain drinking water filtration certifications. Expected Outcome: ElectraMetTM performance to meet NSF/ANSI 53 and 61 certification standards for lead removal and structural integrity. 3. Testing of a POU installation to simulate a real-world scenario. Expected Outcomes: Operating parameters required for lead removal under different water usage scenarios and a method to track device lifetime to predict filter replacement.