A neuroimaging approach to advance mechanistic understanding of tobacco use escalation risk among young adult African American vapers

项目摘要/摘要 这项研究的目标是确定年轻人(YA)吸烟风险的神经行为标记物。 非裔美国人(AA)尿布，并研究这些神经激活模式如何受到社会影响 在这一人群中经历的劣势和慢性压力源。预计研究结果将取得进展 烟雾病患者吸烟行为的神经认知机制研究 在南方农村，为减少烟草危害方面的种族差异所做的努力提供了信息。考虑到不断积累的 有证据表明，蒸发会增加5倍的开始吸烟和其他烟草使用升级的风险， 最近YA使用量的增加令人担忧，可能会导致数十年来人们对YA的依赖卷土重来 控烟成功的关键。VAPE产品制造商从事被取缔的卷烟做法，瞄准 是的，较低的社会经济地位，以及少数群体，使这些弱势群体的烟草差距永久化 人口。其中一种做法是增加味道，使蒸发更容易被YA接受，并扩大了 通过频繁的配对联想增加初级尼古丁的影响。再加上有针对性的 市场营销和YA AA对薄荷醇口味的偏好，不成比例的环境脆弱性和 与烟草有关的高死亡率和发病率突出表明迫切需要确定机制 关于逆境如何促进烟草使用升级。功能磁共振成像 (FMRI)生成补充传统行为风险评估的信息，通过直接 观察构成成瘾持续的主观状态的神经底物。它还 在与味道和药物效果相关的关键神经网络中实现前所未有的效果隔离。这个 拟议的项目旨在确定烟草使用升级风险的新神经标记物，确定 社会文化逆境与这些标记物相关，并检查这些标记物 各种因素可能会相互作用。我们建议从佐治亚州农村地区招募60个YA AA无烟尿布。三条fMRI线索 反应性范例将被用来探测具有高潜力的关键神经行为系统 考虑到烟草使用升级风险的个体差异。线索将包括1)蒸发和吸烟；2) 带和不带香料的VAPE产品包装；以及3)带和不带香料的公共服务公告 把重点放在风味危害上。将检查所得神经标记物与传统标记物的关联(例如， 渴望)，这将表明有效性，以及与环境逆境的衡量标准之间的关系。调查结果是 预计将促进对YA AA尿布易导致烟草使用升级的机制的理解 并提出了可以在预防策略中解决的特定神经和背景因素，以预防 烟草使用升级(例如，广告、公共服务公告、香料管理)。结果是 预计还将支持未来R01在神经行为信息方面的应用程序的概念证明 预防措施，以阻止易受伤害的YA AA尿布中烟草使用的升级。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to identify neurobehavioral makers of tobacco use risk among young adult (YA) African American (AA) vapers and examine how these patterns of neural activation are impacted by social disadvantages and chronic stressors experienced in this population. Findings are expected to advance understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying tobacco use trajectories among YA AA vapers in the rural South and inform efforts to reduce racial disparities in tobacco harm. Given the accumulating evidence that vaping conveys 5-fold additional risk for smoking initiation and other tobacco use escalation, recent YA increases in use are alarming, threatening a resurgence of dependence that may reverse decades of tobacco control success. Vape product manufacturers engage in practices outlawed for cigarettes, targeting YA, low socioeconomic status, and minority groups, perpetuating tobacco disparities in these vulnerable populations. One of these practices, adding flavor, makes vaping more palatable to YA and broadens the impact of primary nicotine reinforcement through frequent paired associations. Coupled with targeted marketing and a YA AA preference for menthol flavor, the disproportionate environmental vulnerabilities and high rates of tobacco-related mortality and morbidity underscore the urgent need to identify mechanisms pertaining to how adversity contributes to tobacco use escalation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) generates information complementary to traditional behavioral risk assessments, with direct observations of the neural substrates that underlie the subjective states known to perpetuate addiction. It also enables unprecedented isolation of effects in key neural networks associated with flavor and drug effects. The proposed project aims to identify novel neuromarkers of tobacco use escalation risk, determine whether sociocultural adversity is associated with these markers, and to examine the mechanisms by which these factors may interact. We propose to recruit 60 YA AA non-smoking vapers from rural Georgia. Three fMRI cue reactivity paradigms will be administered to probe critical neurobehavioral systems with high potential to account for individual differences in tobacco use escalation risk. Cues will include 1) vaping and smoking; 2) vape product packaging with and without flavors; and 3) Public Service Announcements with and without a focus on flavor harms. Resulting neuromarkers will be examined for associations with traditional markers (e.g., craving) that would suggest validity, and relationships with measures of contextual adversity. Findings are expected to advance understanding of mechanisms that predispose YA AA vapers to escalated tobacco use and suggest specific neural and contextual factors that can be addressed in prevention strategies to forestall tobacco use escalation (e.g., advertising, public service announcements, regulation of flavors). Results are also expected to support proof of concept for a future R01 application on neurobehaviorally informed preventions to deter escalation in tobacco use among vulnerable YA AA vapers.