Role of the microbiome of the schistosome snail host

项目总结 微生物群--既居住在人体内又居住在多种生物体内的微生物群落 其他动物门-在生物学的许多方面发挥着重要作用，并作为一种 健康和疾病的关键决定因素。在无脊椎动物中，共生细菌参与合成 必需的氨基酸或维生素，用于消化纤维素，防止寄生虫，女性化和 孤雌生殖，甚至是物种形成。在昆虫媒介中，有许多相互作用的例子 寄生微生物群和寄生虫：沙蝇肠道微生物群介导利什曼原虫的传播， 沃尔巴克氏菌可以阻断疟疾在蚊子中的传播，而这两种细菌的微生物群都是残存的。 采采蝇是锥虫感染的媒介。我们的目标是研究淡水蜗牛的微生物群 血吸虫病媒介生物：六条证据表明微生物群在血吸虫病传播中可能起作用 生物软体与曼氏血吸虫的相互作用：(I)钉螺血淋巴(血)，到哪个孢子囊阶段 血吸虫不断暴露，拥有一个多样化的微生物群，(Ii)这个微生物群是分化的 来自其他器官的微生物群，并显示出蜗牛体内最大的微生物多样性，(Iii)不同的实验室 钉螺种群具有独特的微生物群组成，(Iv)不同钉螺种群共培养结果 在微生物组组成的快速变化中，(V)来自单个种群的抗病或 对血吸虫感染敏感的有独特的微生物群和(Vi)血吸虫感染导致改变 微生物群组成。在具体目标1中，我们将直接测试微生物群对钉螺宿主的影响 血吸虫的发育和易感性。这将通过产生无菌蜗牛来实现，就像 无菌小鼠已经被用来了解微生物群在肥胖中的直接作用。微生物群是 它是动态的，其组成和丰度可能因环境因素而异。这些微生物群 修改甚至会导致东道主的健康和体能改变。具体目标2将重点放在 钉螺长期共培养(或共园)对钉螺宿主适合性的微生物群修饰 携带独特微生物群的种群。我们将使用下一代来表征采样的微生物群 16S核糖体DNA测序。该项目将(I)提供有关微生物组的基本信息 动力学和组成，(Ii)确定微生物组在蜗牛-血吸虫相互作用中的作用和 蜗牛的流动性，以及(Iii)有很强的潜力揭示蜗牛-微生物-寄生虫相互作用的新方面 这可以通过新的干预措施来瞄准。

PROJECT SUMMARY The microbiome – the community of microorganisms that inhabit both the human body and that of multiple other animal phyla – is increasingly recognized to play an important role in many aspects of biology and as a key determinant of health and disease. In invertebrates, symbiotic bacteria are involved in synthesizing essential aminoacids or vitamins, in digesting cellulose, in protection against parasites, in feminization and parthenogenesis, and even in speciation. In insect vectors, there are multiple examples of interactions between resident microbiomes and parasites: the sandfly gut microbiome mediates Leishmania transmission, Wolbachia bacteria can disrupt malaria transmission in mosquitoes, while the microbiome of both reduviid bugs and tsetse flies mediates trypanosome infection. Our goal is to study the microbiome of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria, vector of schistosomiasis: six lines of evidence suggest a possible role for the microbiome in the Biomphalaria - Schistosoma mansoni interaction: (i) the snail hemolymph (blood), to which sporocyst stage schistosomes are continuously exposed, harbors a diverse microbiome, (ii) this microbiome is differentiated from other organ microbiomes and shows the greatest microbial diversity within snails, (iii) different laboratory snail populations have a distinctive microbiome composition, (iv) co-culture of different snail populations results in rapid change in microbiome composition, (v) snail genotypes from a single population that are resistant or sensitive to schistosome infection have distinctive microbiomes and (vi) schistosome infection results in altered microbiome composition. In specific aim 1 we will directly test the impact of microbiome on snail host development and schistosome parasite susceptibility. This will be done by generating germ-free snails, just as germ-free mice have been used to understand the direct role of the microbiome in obesity. Microbiomes are dynamic and may vary in composition and abundance due to environmental factors. These microbiome modifications can even lead to host health and fitness alterations. Specific aim 2 will focus on the impact of microbiome modification on snail host fitness using long term co-culture (or common garden) of snail populations carrying distinctive microbiomes. We will characterize sampled microbiomes using next generation sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA. This project will (i) provide fundamental information about microbiome dynamics and composition, (ii) determine the role of the microbiome in the snail-schistosome interactions and snail ftiness, and (iii) has strong potential to reveal new aspects of the snail-microbiome-parasite interaction that can be targeted by novel interventions.