Spanking and hitting children: Trends and changes in risk factors in consecutive, longitudinal, national samples of parents from 1993-2022

摘要 体罚(如打屁股)和身体虐待(如因愤怒而打人)与健康和 对儿童的发育后果，包括精神健康和物质使用障碍。了解以下内容 父母暴力的当前趋势和风险因素--包括在新冠肺炎大流行期间-- 需要为政策和临床实践提供信息，并对了解哪些家庭可能受益至关重要 其中大部分来自有针对性的预防工作。以前的研究无法提供这方面的知识，因为 有限的纵向数据和主要依赖一次性横断面调查。更进一步，理论 过去半个世纪的研究已经确定了父母暴力的广泛风险因素(例如， 物质使用，以前的暴力经历，精神健康状况不佳)，但之前没有研究 审查了暴力的风险因素是否随着时间的推移而发生变化。R03解决了这些关键缺陷 使用来自美国国立卫生研究院资助的监测未来(MTF)研究的未开发数据。MTF是唯一一年- 用打屁股和打孩子的措施进行的反复调查，因此，唯一可用的数据来回答 本R03中提出的问题。这项研究的长期目标是利用现有的投资。 在MTF研究中提供信息和指导暴力预防工作。本研究的总体目标是：(1) 审查父母暴力的趋势，包括通过新冠肺炎大流行的趋势，以及(2)调查 父母暴力的同时或预期风险因素在最近几年中保持不变或发生变化 几十年，包括在大流行期间。总样本(n~19,300)将包括连续30个月的父母 纵向上紧随其后，从1993年(第1组)到2022年(第30组)达到35岁。这台R03 包括三个目标：(目标1)确定与身体健康风险最大有关的父母特征 使用纵向回归和路径模型分析对儿童的暴力行为；(目标2)审查长期趋势 使用连接点模型；以及(目标3)确定是否--以及以何种方式--风险因素 使用时变效果建模(TVEM)，因为暴力随时间而变化。圆满完成 R03将大大有助于该领域对目前的趋势和打屁股的风险因素的了解 以及殴打儿童。这项研究解决了审查新冠肺炎大流行对 在长期趋势背景下的父母暴力。到2022年纳入数据将使审查成为可能 关于与大流行相关的趋势和风险因素的变化。这项研究在使用方面是新颖的 来自包含父母暴力措施的年度重复调查的纵向数据，并在分析 使用的方法。这项研究将产生能够立即为政策、临床实践和 支持儿童健康发展的预防工作。

ABSTRACT Corporal punishment (e.g., spanking) and physical abuse (e.g., hitting out of anger) are related to health and developmental consequences for children, including mental health and substance use disorders. Knowledge of current trends and risk factors for parental violence – including through the years of the COVID-19 pandemic – is needed to inform policy and clinical practice, and is critical for understanding which families may benefit most from targeted prevention efforts. Previous studies have been unable to provide this knowledge because of limited longitudinal data and a predominant reliance on one-time cross-sectional surveys. Further, theory and research over the past half-century has identified a wide range of risk factors for parental violence (e.g., substance use, previous experiences with violence, poor mental health), but no previous research has examined whether risk factors for violence have changed over time. This R03 addresses these critical gaps using untapped data from the NIH-funded Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. MTF is the only annually- repeated survey with measures of spanking and hitting a child and, therefore, the only data available to answer the questions proposed in this R03. The long-term goal of this research is to capitalize on existing investments in the MTF study to inform and guide violence prevention efforts. The overall objectives in this study are to (1) examine trends in parental violence, including through the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) investigate whether concurrent or prospective risk factors for parental violence have remained constant or changed across recent decades, including during the pandemic. The total sample (n~19,300) will include parents from 30 consecutive cohorts, followed longitudinally, who reached age 35 from 1993 (1st cohort) to 2022 (30th cohort). This R03 includes three aims: (Aim 1) Identify parental characteristics associated with the greatest risk for physical violence toward children, using longitudinal regression and path models; (Aim 2) Examine the long-term trends of parental violence, using Joinpoint models; and (Aim 3) Determine whether – and in what ways – risk factors for violence have changed over time, using time-varying effect modeling (TVEM). The successful completion of this R03 will contribute significantly to the field’s understanding of current trends and risk factors for spanking and hitting children. This study addresses a critical need to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parental violence in the context of long-term trends. The inclusion of data through 2022 will enable examination of changes in trends and risk factors associated with the pandemic. This study is novel in the use of longitudinal data from annually repeated surveys containing parental violence measures and in the analytic methods used. This study will generate knowledge that can immediately inform policy, clinical practice, and prevention efforts in support of healthy child development.