An examination of peer socialization processes in the development of callous-unemotional traits

7.项目概要/摘要 冷酷-无情感（CU）特质（即，缺乏内疚或悔恨，同情心不足）是一个危险因素， 发展持续的，严重的外化和行为问题，并密切相关 与精神变态的成人结构（弗里克等人，2014）。理解CU的发展机制 特征对于为具有重要公共卫生影响的预防工作提供信息至关重要。易怒预示着 对于一些被认为具有更高水平的CU特征和精神病特征的人来说， 通过负面的环境经历获得它们（例如，Hawes等人，2016年; Yildirim & Derksen， 2015）。最近的CU性状的发展模型主要集中在苛刻的社会化作用， 养育（例如，Waller &瓦格纳，2019），忽视了负面的同伴经历。问题对等体 人际关系，包括同伴受害，与整个发展过程中CU特征的增加有关 （方丹等人，2018年）。易怒的孩子更容易受到同伴的伤害， 拒绝（例如，Evans等人，2016年），这可能会导致他们认为其他人对他们的需求不敏感， 转而降低他们对他人需求的敏感性（方丹等人，2014年），与已证实的 严厉的养育（Waller &瓦格纳，2019）。在这个模型的唯一已知的直接测试中，Barker和Salekin （2012）发现，易怒和受害都预测了彼此和CU特征的增加，尽管 只有受害通过易怒对CU性状的间接影响显著，与假设相反 （Barker & Salekin，2012）。尽管呼吁进行复制努力（例如，方丹等人，2018年，这仍然是唯一的 这些路径的纵向调查。此外，这项研究没有区分物理（例如， 被击中）和关系（例如，被社会排斥）的受害形式，因此可能不充分 捕捉女孩的经历（Crick & Bigbee，1998; Ostrov & Kamper，2015）。本研究旨在填补这些 文献中的差距：1）测试身体和关系同伴受害的主要和替代模型 作为社会化代理人之间的关系易怒和CU特质; 2）检查攻击作为调节剂 受害的社会化效应，与先前的研究结果一致，即儿童谁是受害者都 他们的同伴和从事攻击性行为的风险尤其是负面的结果（库克等人，2010年）; 认为HPA轴在这些联系中起调节作用，认为HPA轴功能减退 功能已经被强调为与CU性状相关的风险的生物学标记（Hawes等人，2009年）的报告。 这些目标将从童年中期开始测试（即，3级）到青春期（即，年龄15）使用数据从 NICHD早期儿童保育和青年发展研究（SECCYD），其中包括一个大型的，全国性的 样本（N = 1，077）和多种方法以及感兴趣结构的信息源。结果将提前 我们对CU特征发展机制的理解，这对 公共卫生干预和预防工作。

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of guilt or remorse, deficits in empathy) are a risk factor for the development of persistent, severe levels of externalizing and conduct problems, and are closely associated with the adult construct of psychopathy (Frick et al., 2014). Understanding developmental mechanisms of CU traits is critical for informing prevention efforts with important public health implications. Irritability predicts higher levels of CU traits and psychopathic features across development for some individuals, who are thought to acquire them through negative environmental experiences (e.g., Hawes et al., 2016; Yildirim & Derksen, 2015). Recent developmental models of CU traits have primarily focused on the socializing role of harsh parenting (e.g., Waller & Wagner, 2019), to the neglect of negative peer experiences. Problematic peer relationships, including peer victimization, have been tied to increases in CU traits across development (Fontaine et al., 2018). Irritable children are prone to experience higher levels of peer victimization and rejection (e.g., Evans et al., 2016), which may lead them to believe that others are insensitive to their needs, in turn decreasing their sensitivity to others’ needs (Fontaine et al., 2014), consistent with demonstrated effects of harsh parenting (Waller & Wagner, 2019). In the only known direct test of this model, Barker and Salekin (2012) found that both irritability and victimization predicted increases in one another and in CU traits, although only indirect effects from victimization to CU traits through irritability were significant, contrary to hypotheses (Barker & Salekin, 2012). Despite calls for replication efforts (e.g., Fontaine et al., 2018), this remains the sole longitudinal investigation of these pathways. Furthermore, this study did not distinguish between physical (e.g., being hit) and relational (e.g., being socially excluded) forms of victimization, and therefore may not adequately capture girls’ experiences (Crick & Bigbee, 1998; Ostrov & Kamper, 2015). The present study aims to fill these gaps in the literature by: 1) testing a primary and alternative model of physical and relational peer victimization as socialization agents in relations between irritability and CU traits; 2) examining aggression as a moderator of victimization’s socialization effects, consistent with prior findings that children who are both victimized by their peers and engage in aggressive behavior are at risk for especially negative outcomes (Cook et al., 2010); and 3) considering HPA-axis functioning as a moderator of these associations, as hypoactive HPA-axis functioning has been highlighted as a biological marker of risk associated with CU traits (Hawes et al., 2009). These aims will be tested from middle childhood (i.e., grade 3) to adolescence (i.e., age 15) using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), which includes a large, national sample (N = 1,077) and multiple methods and informants for the constructs of interest. Results will advance our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of CU traits, which has clear implications for public health intervention and prevention efforts.