An examination of peer socialization processes in the development of callous-unemotional traits

7.项目摘要/摘要 冷酷无情(CU)的特征(即，缺乏内疚或悔恨，缺乏同理心)是 持续发展，严重程度的外化和品行问题，并与之密切相关 成人心理变态(Frick等人，2014)。对CU发展机制的认识 特征对于为具有重要公共卫生影响的预防工作提供信息至关重要。易怒预示着 一些人在整个发育过程中具有更高水平的CU特征和精神变态特征，他们被认为 通过负面的环境经验获得它们(例如，Hawes等人，2016；Yildirim&Derksen， 2015年)。最近关于CU特征的发展模型主要集中在HASH的社交作用上 养育子女(例如，Waller&Wagner，2019)，忽视了负面的同伴体验。有问题的同级 人际关系，包括同伴受害，一直与CU特征在整个发展过程中的增加有关 (Fontaine等人，2018)。易怒的儿童容易经历更高水平的同伴伤害和 拒绝(例如，Evans等人，2016)，这可能会导致他们认为其他人对他们的需求漠不关心 转而降低他们对他人需求的敏感度(Fontaine等人，2014)，与 严厉的父母教育(Waller&Wagner，2019)。在这一模型唯一已知的直接测试中，Barker和Salekin (2012)发现易怒和受害都预示着彼此和CU特征的增加，尽管 与假设相反，只有从受害到易怒对CU特征的间接影响才显著 (Barker&Salekin，2012)。尽管呼吁进行复制努力(例如，Fontaine等人，2018年)，但这仍然是唯一的 对这些途径进行纵向研究。此外，这项研究没有区分物理(例如， 被打)和关系(例如，被社会排斥)形式的受害，因此可能不充分 捕捉女孩的经历(Crick&Bigbee，1998；Ostrov&Kamper，2015)。本研究旨在填补这些空白。 文献中的不足之处在于：1)测试身体和关系同伴受害的主要和替代模型 作为社交因素在易怒和CU特征之间的关系；2)作为调节因素考察攻击性 与之前的研究结果一致，即既是受害者又是受害者的儿童 他们的同龄人和从事攻击性行为的人面临着特别负面的后果的风险(Cook等人，2010年)； 3)认为HPA轴作为这些联系的调节因子，是低活性的HPA轴 功能已被强调为与CU特征相关的风险的生物标记(Hawes等人，2009年)。 这些目标将从童年中期(即三年级)到青春期(即15岁)使用以下数据进行测试 NICHD关于早期儿童保育和青年发展的研究(SECCYD)，其中包括一个大型的全国性 样本(N=1,077)以及感兴趣的结构的多种方法和信息者。结果将会进步 我们对CU特征发展的机制的理解，这对 公共卫生干预和预防工作。

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of guilt or remorse, deficits in empathy) are a risk factor for the development of persistent, severe levels of externalizing and conduct problems, and are closely associated with the adult construct of psychopathy (Frick et al., 2014). Understanding developmental mechanisms of CU traits is critical for informing prevention efforts with important public health implications. Irritability predicts higher levels of CU traits and psychopathic features across development for some individuals, who are thought to acquire them through negative environmental experiences (e.g., Hawes et al., 2016; Yildirim & Derksen, 2015). Recent developmental models of CU traits have primarily focused on the socializing role of harsh parenting (e.g., Waller & Wagner, 2019), to the neglect of negative peer experiences. Problematic peer relationships, including peer victimization, have been tied to increases in CU traits across development (Fontaine et al., 2018). Irritable children are prone to experience higher levels of peer victimization and rejection (e.g., Evans et al., 2016), which may lead them to believe that others are insensitive to their needs, in turn decreasing their sensitivity to others’ needs (Fontaine et al., 2014), consistent with demonstrated effects of harsh parenting (Waller & Wagner, 2019). In the only known direct test of this model, Barker and Salekin (2012) found that both irritability and victimization predicted increases in one another and in CU traits, although only indirect effects from victimization to CU traits through irritability were significant, contrary to hypotheses (Barker & Salekin, 2012). Despite calls for replication efforts (e.g., Fontaine et al., 2018), this remains the sole longitudinal investigation of these pathways. Furthermore, this study did not distinguish between physical (e.g., being hit) and relational (e.g., being socially excluded) forms of victimization, and therefore may not adequately capture girls’ experiences (Crick & Bigbee, 1998; Ostrov & Kamper, 2015). The present study aims to fill these gaps in the literature by: 1) testing a primary and alternative model of physical and relational peer victimization as socialization agents in relations between irritability and CU traits; 2) examining aggression as a moderator of victimization’s socialization effects, consistent with prior findings that children who are both victimized by their peers and engage in aggressive behavior are at risk for especially negative outcomes (Cook et al., 2010); and 3) considering HPA-axis functioning as a moderator of these associations, as hypoactive HPA-axis functioning has been highlighted as a biological marker of risk associated with CU traits (Hawes et al., 2009). These aims will be tested from middle childhood (i.e., grade 3) to adolescence (i.e., age 15) using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), which includes a large, national sample (N = 1,077) and multiple methods and informants for the constructs of interest. Results will advance our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of CU traits, which has clear implications for public health intervention and prevention efforts.