MATERNITY LEAVE AND HEALTH--PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS

描述(改编自申请人摘要)：这是一份申请 威斯康星州产假和健康(WMLH)项目的续签， 最初设计的目的是调查产假的影响 (例如，长度、重返工作岗位全职或兼职或家庭主妇)和其他 心理社会因素(个性、态度、处境)对健康的影响 妇女及其家庭的(身体、精神和社会)。建议数 该项目旨在通过以下方式加强WMLH项目：(A)调查 对妇女就业健康(包括产妇)的长期影响 前两年的工作和家庭生活的其他方面 产后；(B)扩大项目以调查长期影响 这一早期过程对儿童的影响(例如，气质、认知 成熟状态、社会情绪适应)；以及(C)调查 母亲健康与儿童健康之间的复杂和互惠动态 家庭功能正常。 在WMLH项目中，570名妇女及其550名丈夫/伴侣 在怀孕5个月期间，从医生办公室和 密尔沃基(80%)和麦迪逊(20%)的诊所。女人们和 男性被分别采访了五次：(A)在#年5个月期间 怀孕；(B)分娩后1个月；(C)出生后4个月；(D)12 (E)出生后两年。其他-婴儿 互动在T3和T4被录像；父亲和婴儿的互动是 麦迪逊样本的录像带。样品保留率一直很高： 从T1到T2，母亲的流失率为4%(一半是由于 流产)，从T2到T3为1%，从T3到T4为2%。在T5，所有 T2受访者重新签约(n=547)；到目前为止，96%的受访者已经同意。 男性的应答率是相似的。 拟议的续签将调查对女性的长期影响， 儿童和家庭的早期工作-健康过程，收集三个 当孩子的年龄分别为3 1/2、4 1/2和5 1/2时的附加数据波 好几年了。对父母的采访将集中在心理健康方面 (例如，抑郁、焦虑)；社会健康(例如，婚姻关系， 亲子关系)；就业；以及心理社会因素(例如， 个性、态度、工作/家庭压力)。其他措施 建议将此延长至学龄前阶段(从两个阶段获得 父母、儿童保育提供者和对儿童的直接评估) 注重家庭功能(例如，家庭环境；兄弟姐妹 关系)、儿童结果(认知成熟状态、 社会情绪适应)和儿童保育质量。 为了分析这些丰富的、纵向的数据，各种多变量 统计技术(因素分析、多重抑制、结构分析 方程建模)用于(A)测试测量模型，(B)描述 变量之间的关系，将作为建立 纵向模型，以及(C)开发纵向模型，以澄清 妇女就业(包括产假)的途径 关键的心理社会因素与妇女的健康和功能有关， 孩子和家庭。正在进行的分析侧重于工作-健康 在产后头两年的过程中。附加数据 拟议研究中收集的数据将使我们能够确定(A) 在最初的WMLH项目中发现的效果是长期的 学龄前儿童；和(B)有额外的健康和功能结果 妇女、儿童和家庭由于延迟效应没有体现在 产后头两年。此数据收集是关键的一步，因为 这个独特而重要的样本是纵向跟踪的。

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is a request for the renewal of the Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health (WMLH) Project, which was originally designed to investigate the effect of maternity leave (e.g., length, return to work full- or part-time or homemaker) and other psychosocial factors (personality, attitudes, situation) on the health (physical, mental, and social) of women and their families. The proposed project aims to build on the WMLH Project by: (a) investigating the long-term effects on women's health of employment (including maternity leave) and other aspects of work and family life during the first two years postpartum; (b) extending the project to investigate the long-term effects of this early process on children (e.g., temperament, cognitive maturational status, socioemotional adjustment); and (c) investigating the complex and reciprocal dynamics between mothers' health and child and family functioning. In the WMLH Project, 570 women and 550 of their husbands/partners were recruited, during the 5th month of pregnancy, from physicians' offices and clinics in Milwaukee (80 percent) and Madison (20 percent). The women and men were interviewed separately five times: (a) during the 5th month of pregnancy; (b) 1 month after delivery; (c) 4 months after the birth; (d) 12 months after the birth; and (e) 2 years after the birth. other-infant interactions were videotaped at T3 and T4; father-infant interactions were videotaped for the Madison subsample. Sample retention has been excellent: attrition rates for mothers were 4 percent from T1 to T2 (half due to miscarriage), 1 percent from T2 to T3, 2 percent from T3 to T4. At T5, all T2 respondents were recontracted (n=547); to date, 96 percent have agreed. Response rates are similar for the men. The proposed renewal will investigate the longer-term effects on women, children, and families of the early work-health process, collecting three additional waves of data when the children are 3 1/2, 4 1/2, and 5 1/2 years. Interviews with mothers and fathers will focus on mental health (e.g., depression, anxiety); social health (e.g., marriage relationship, parent-child relationship); employment; and psychosocial factors (e.g., personality; attitudes; work/family stressors). Additional measures proposed for this extension into the preschool years (obtained from both parents, the childcare provider, and direct assessments of the children) focus on family functioning (e.g., family environment; sibling relationships), child outcomes (cognitive maturational status, socioemotional adjustment), and childcare quality. To analyze these rich, longitudinal data, a variety of multivariate statistical techniques (factor analyses, multiple repression, structural equation modeling) are used to (a) test measurement models, (b) describe relationships among variables that will serve as a basis for building longitudinal models, and (c) develop longitudinal models that clarify the avenues through which women's employment (including maternity leave), plus key psychosocial factors are linked to the health and functioning of women, children, and families. Analyses in progress focus on the work-health process during the first two years postpartum. The additional data collected in the proposed study will allow us to determine whether (a) effects found in the original WMLH Project are long-lasting through preschool; and (b) there are additional health and functioning outcomes for women, children,a nd families due to delayed effects not manifested in the first two years postpartum. This data collection is a critical step as this unique and important sample is followed longitudinally.