EVALUATIVE PROCESSES AND QUANTITY JUDGMENTS

评估过程和数量判断

• 批准号: 2445515
• 负责人: SARAH TILL BOYSEN
• 金额: $ 14.05万
• 依托单位: OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1994-04-01 至 1999-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2445515
• 关键词: Pan; behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; choice; ethology; food; judgment; mathematical ability; motivation; neural information processing; paired stimuli; preference; psychomotor reaction time; reinforcer; stimulus /response; symbolism; visual stimulus

The broad goals of the project are to increase our understanding of the role of numerical processes and quantity judgments in guiding behavior, especially under conditions of conflicting behavioral dispositions arising from discordant incentive features and reward consequences of the choice options. Of special interest is the utility of numerical symbols in particular, and symbolic representations more generally, in maximizing sensitivity to the consequences of behavioral actions by minimizing conflicts from direct incentive biases that can lead to non-optimal choice. These issues will be addressed in comparative studies, with chimpanzees and monkeys, of a powerful task interference effect. Despite their demonstrated competence in a variety of sophisticated cognitive tasks, chimpanzees are unable to select the smaller of two arrays of food items, in order to receive the large reward. This interference effect appears to arise from a direct incentive bias toward the larger array, reminiscent of the impulsive behavior of children as documented in the self-control literature., When Arabic numerals (which the animals have been trained to use as number labels) are substituted for the food arrays, the animals perform more optimally in the choice task. The proposed studies will explore the nature of quantity judgments with object arrays and numeric symbols, and the determinants and underlying mechanisms of the task- interference effect. These studies should into the evolutionary origins of numerical capacities, their function in behavior, and the special role of symbolic representations in guiding behavior. Given the unique phylogenetic status of chimpanzees, this species may be optimal for bridging the gap between the human and animal literatures on numerical processes. In view of the ubiquity and importance of quantity-based information and quantity judgments in human and animal behavior, illumination of the relationships between numerical processes and behavioral action would have broad significance for basic behavioral research and mental health. Resulting theory and data would be relevant to an understanding of emotion, conflict, motivation, and the nature and dynamics of human attitudes and their influences on behavior.

该项目的总体目标是增加我们对 数值过程和数量判断在引导行为中的作用， 尤其是在行为倾向发生冲突的情况下 从不协调的激励特征和报酬后果的选择 选择。特别令人感兴趣的是数字符号在 特定的，更一般的符号表示，在最大化 通过最小化对行为行为后果的敏感性 来自可能导致非最优选择的直接激励偏差的冲突。 这些问题将在与黑猩猩和 猴子，对任务有很强的干扰作用。尽管他们 在各种复杂的认知任务中表现出能力， 黑猩猩无法在两组食物中选择较小的一组， 才能拿到大笔赏金。这种干扰效应似乎 产生于对更大阵列的直接激励偏见，这让人想起 自我控制中记录的儿童冲动行为 文学。当阿拉伯数字(动物已经被训练过)时 用作编号标签)取代了食物阵列、动物 在选择任务中表现得更好。拟议的研究将 用对象数组和数值来探索数量判断的本质 符号，以及任务的决定因素和潜在机制- 干扰效应。这些研究应该探讨人类进化的起源 数字能力及其在行为中的作用，以及数字能力的特殊作用 引导行为中的符号表征。鉴于独一无二的 黑猩猩的系统发育状况，这个物种可能是最适合 弥合人类和动物文献在数字上的差距 流程。基于数量的普及性和重要性 人类和动物行为中的信息和数量判断， 阐明数值过程和数值过程之间的关系 行为行为将对基本的行为行为具有广泛的意义 研究和心理健康。由此产生的理论和数据将与 对情感、冲突、动机和自然的理解 人类态度的动态及其对行为的影响。