PUNISHMENT--BIOLOGICALLY-MEDIATED SOMATIC SLOWDOWN

这个项目的广泛目标是提供一个理论上的 引领刑罚概念和研究进入新时代的框架 方向。人们所知道的关于惩罚的大部分内容都与 响应率的变化。因为响应率几乎是 惩罚研究中的排他性因变量，而且它必须 按定义减少，通常无法确定 惩罚机制；必须推断它们。在建议的 然而，将获得几项措施(例如，答复 速率、响应力、响应持续时间和心率)，这将 提供一个独特的机会来评估惩罚机制，以及 制定新的惩罚定义。建议的具体目标是 项目是测试惩罚效果可以部分地 用不可避免的厌恶产生的躯体减速来解释 刺激(手术定义为反应和心率减慢 加上更长的响应时间)。将有四个主要测试：1) 同时进行与生物相关的惩罚和条件惩罚(例如，电击 休克和反应成本分别)导致躯体减速？，2) 其他降低应答率的程序不会产生躯体反应吗？ 减速？，3)不可避免的厌恶刺激会产生躯体吗？ 减速？以及4)可避免的厌恶刺激不会产生躯体 减速？这些操作将提供我的第一个测试 严格收敛与判别的躯体减速理论 有效性合乎逻辑的评估。除了测试体细胞 减速命题，拟议的实验也将产生 关于操作者的重要理论和实践信息 以及作为惩罚者的电击的生理效应， 可避免的厌恶刺激，以及不可避免的厌恶刺激。 总体而言，该项目提供了许多理论和经验上的可能性， 而躯体减速框架可能会对 刑罚的概念、理论和研究。

The broad objective of this project is to provide a theoretical framework that leads punishment conceptions and research in new directions. Most of what is known about punishment concerns changes in response rate. Because response rate has been virtually the exclusive dependent variable in punishment studies, and it must decrease by definition, typically there is no way to determine punishment mechanisms; they must be inferred. In the proposed project, however, several measures will be obtained (e.g., response rate, response force, response duration, and heart rate), which will provide a unique opportunity to assess punishment mechanisms, and develop new punishment definitions. The specific aim of the proposed project is to test the proposition that punishment effects can be partly explained by somatic slowdown produced by unavoidable aversive stimulation (operationally defined as reduced response and heart rate plus increased response duration). There will be four main tests: 1) do both biologically-relevant and conditioned punishes (e.g., electric shock and response cost, respectively) produce somatic slowdown?, 2) do other procedures that reduce response rate not produce somatic slowdown?, 3) do unavoidable aversive stimuli produce somatic slowdown?, and 4) do avoidable aversive stimuli not produce somatic slowdown? These manipulations will provide the first test of my somatic slowdown theory with rigorous convergent and discriminant validity logical assessments. In addition to testing the somatic slowdown proposition, the proposed experiments also will produce important theoretical and practical information concerning the operant and physiological effects of electric-shock used as a punisher, avoidable aversive stimulus, and unavoidable aversive stimulus. Overall, the project offers many theoretical and empirical possibilities, and the somatic slowdown framework could have a major impact on punishment conceptions, theory, and research.