PUNISHMENT--BIOLOGICALLY-MEDIATED SOMATIC SLOWDOWN

该项目的主要目标是提供一个理论 新的刑罚概念和研究框架 方向 大多数关于惩罚的知识 响应率的变化。 因为答复率几乎是 惩罚研究中唯一的因变量，它必须 根据定义，通常没有办法确定 惩罚机制;他们必须推断。 拟议 然而，项目，将获得几个度量（例如，响应 率，反应力，反应持续时间和心率），这将 提供一个评估惩罚机制的独特机会， 制定新的惩罚定义。 建议的具体目标 该项目是为了测试的命题，惩罚效果可以部分 这可以用不可避免的厌恶感 刺激（操作上定义为反应和心率降低 加上增加的响应持续时间）。 将有四个主要的测试：1） 进行生物相关的和有条件的惩罚（例如，电动 冲击和反应成本）产生躯体减速？（二） 其他降低反应率的程序是否不会产生体细胞 减速？3)不可避免的厌恶性刺激是否会 减速？4）可避免的厌恶性刺激不会产生躯体化 减速？ 这些操作将提供我的第一个测试 具有严格收敛和判别的躯体减速理论 逻辑评估的有效性。 除了测试躯体 减速命题，提出的实验也将产生 重要的理论和实践信息有关的操作 以及电击作为惩罚者的生理效应， 可避免的厌恶刺激和不可避免的厌恶刺激。 总的来说，该项目提供了许多理论和经验的可能性， 而躯体减速框架可能会对 惩罚概念、理论和研究。

The broad objective of this project is to provide a theoretical framework that leads punishment conceptions and research in new directions. Most of what is known about punishment concerns changes in response rate. Because response rate has been virtually the exclusive dependent variable in punishment studies, and it must decrease by definition, typically there is no way to determine punishment mechanisms; they must be inferred. In the proposed project, however, several measures will be obtained (e.g., response rate, response force, response duration, and heart rate), which will provide a unique opportunity to assess punishment mechanisms, and develop new punishment definitions. The specific aim of the proposed project is to test the proposition that punishment effects can be partly explained by somatic slowdown produced by unavoidable aversive stimulation (operationally defined as reduced response and heart rate plus increased response duration). There will be four main tests: 1) do both biologically-relevant and conditioned punishes (e.g., electric shock and response cost, respectively) produce somatic slowdown?, 2) do other procedures that reduce response rate not produce somatic slowdown?, 3) do unavoidable aversive stimuli produce somatic slowdown?, and 4) do avoidable aversive stimuli not produce somatic slowdown? These manipulations will provide the first test of my somatic slowdown theory with rigorous convergent and discriminant validity logical assessments. In addition to testing the somatic slowdown proposition, the proposed experiments also will produce important theoretical and practical information concerning the operant and physiological effects of electric-shock used as a punisher, avoidable aversive stimulus, and unavoidable aversive stimulus. Overall, the project offers many theoretical and empirical possibilities, and the somatic slowdown framework could have a major impact on punishment conceptions, theory, and research.