ENVIRONMENT, FEMALE ABILITIES AND EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY

我们建议测试女性约束假设（Gowaty 1995 b）， 东部蓝知更鸟，唾液腺，美洲知更鸟，迁徙鸫， 和欧洲椋鸟普通椋鸟 女性的束缚 假设说，女性对社会胁迫的脆弱性， 交配选择（配子伴侣的选择）由他们的领土男性 伴侣是女性内在能力的函数， 女性所处的环境。女 约束假说提出了四个关键的预测：1。双额外 在“更有能力的女性”（意味着 具有出色觅食技能的雌性和/或猎物丰富的雌性 环境）比“能力较弱的女性”; 2。在有额外一对的雌性中 在它们的后代中，遗传的一夫一妻制在“更多”的后代中更常见。 能”比“不太能”的女性; 3.繁殖成功率的差异 男性交配“更有能力”的女性是大于方差 雄性与“能力较弱”的雌性交配的生殖成功率。4.男性 与“更有能力”的雌性交配，比雄性获得更多的额外配对亲子关系 与“能力较差”的雌性交配 我们将测试每一个物种内的 利用野生种群的观察和实验进行预测 三个物种中的每一个。 我们还将测试关键的种间 通过比较东部蓝知更鸟和美国知更鸟的预测， 在同一亚科的画眉物种，Turdinae。这些比较将 使我们能够推断出生态变化对 物种之间的差异，因为物种之间的混杂效应 共享的遗传学将保持不变。我们还将测试其他 种间预测通过比较东部蓝知更鸟和 欧洲椋鸟，两种不同科的洞穴筑巢物种 在雀形目中。这些比较将使我们能够 关于生态对这些之间相似性的影响的推论 物种，因为共享的同源性的混杂效应将是 无托叶我们将通过实验操作对FCH进行实验测试 东部蓝知更鸟的猎物和筑巢洞穴我们会用尽 10个高度变异的物种特异性DNA微卫星引物， “DNA分型”对遗传亲子鉴定有用;我们将使用现场 观察自然发生的行为，和实验 在我们对这些想法的测试中对野生个体的操纵。

We propose to test the Female Constraint Hypothesis (Gowaty 1995b) in eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, American robins, Turdus migratorious, and European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. The Female Constraint Hypothesis says that females' vulnerabilities to social coercion of their mating choices (choice of gametic partners) by their territorial male partners is a function of females' intrinsic abilities and the richness of the environments that females find themselves in. The Female Constraint Hypothesis makes four crucial predictions: 1. extra pair paternity will be higher in tie broods of "more able females" (meaning females with excellent foraging skills and/or those in prey-rich environments) than "less able females"; 2. among females with extra pair paternity in their broods, genetic monogamy is more frequent among "more able" than "less able" females; 3. variance in reproductive success of males mated to "more able" females is greater than variance in reproductive success of males mated to "less able" females. 4. Males mated to "more able" females achieve more extra pair paternity than males mated to "less able" females. We will test each of these within-species predictions using observations and experiments of wild-living populations of each of three species. We will also test crucial interspecific predictions via comparisons of eastern bluebirds and American robins, two thrush species in the same subfamily, Turdinae. These comparisons will allow us to make inferences about the effects of ecological variation on differences between the species, because the confounding effects of shared phylogeny will be held constant. We will also test other interspecific predictions via comparisons of eastern bluebirds and European starlings, two cavity nesting species from different families within the Passeriformes. These comparisons will allow us to make inferences about the effects of ecology on similarities between these species, because the confounding effect of shared phylogeny will be absent. We will experimentally test the FCH by experimental manipulation of prey and nesting cavities used by eastern bluebirds. We will use up to ten highly variable species specific DNA microsatellite primers in "DNA typing" useful for genetic parentage testing; we will use field observations of naturally occurring behavior, and experimental manipulations of wild-living individuals in our tests of these ideas.