ENVIRONMENT, FEMALE ABILITIES AND EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY

我们建议检验女性约束假说(Gowatiy1995b) 东方蓝知更鸟、西莉亚蓝知更鸟、美洲知更鸟、迁徙的突眼蓝鸟、 和欧洲的八哥，斯图尔加里斯。女性的束缚 假说认为女性对她们的社会胁迫的脆弱性 其领地雄性的交配选择(配对伙伴的选择) 伴侣是女性内在能力和丰富度的函数 女性发现自己所处的环境。女性 约束假说做出了四个关键预测：1.额外配对 “更有能力的雌性”的领带后代会有更高的亲子关系(意思是 具有出色觅食技能的雌性和/或猎物丰富的雌性 环境)比“能力较差的女性”；2.在有额外配对的女性中 在它们的后代中，基因一夫一妻制在更多的 能“的”比“不能”的雌性；3.繁殖成功的差异 与“更有能力”的雌性交配的雄性比变异更大 与“能力较差”的雌性交配的雄性的生殖成功。4.男性 交配“更有能力”的雌性比雄性获得更多的配对亲子关系 与“能力较弱”的雌性交配。我们将测试这些物种内的每一个 利用对野生生物种群的观察和实验进行预测 三个物种中的每一个。我们还将测试至关重要的物种间 通过比较东部蓝知更鸟和美国知更鸟的预测，两种 画眉属同属一个亚科，图尔迪亚科。这些比较将 允许我们对生态变异的影响做出推断 物种之间的差异，因为 共同的进化史将保持不变。我们还将测试其他 通过东部蓝鸟和东方蓝鸟的比较进行种间预测 欧洲八哥，两种不同科的洞巢物种 在雀形目动物中。这些比较将使我们能够 关于生态对它们之间相似性的影响的推论 物种，因为共同的进化史的混杂效应将是 缺席。我们将通过实验操作对FCH进行实验测试 东方蓝鸟使用的猎物和筑巢的洞穴。我们会用完的 对10个高度变异的物种特异性DNA微卫星引物 “DNA分型”对基因亲子鉴定很有用；我们将使用现场 观察自然发生的行为，并进行实验 在我们对这些想法的测试中对野生生物的操纵。

We propose to test the Female Constraint Hypothesis (Gowaty 1995b) in eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, American robins, Turdus migratorious, and European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. The Female Constraint Hypothesis says that females' vulnerabilities to social coercion of their mating choices (choice of gametic partners) by their territorial male partners is a function of females' intrinsic abilities and the richness of the environments that females find themselves in. The Female Constraint Hypothesis makes four crucial predictions: 1. extra pair paternity will be higher in tie broods of "more able females" (meaning females with excellent foraging skills and/or those in prey-rich environments) than "less able females"; 2. among females with extra pair paternity in their broods, genetic monogamy is more frequent among "more able" than "less able" females; 3. variance in reproductive success of males mated to "more able" females is greater than variance in reproductive success of males mated to "less able" females. 4. Males mated to "more able" females achieve more extra pair paternity than males mated to "less able" females. We will test each of these within-species predictions using observations and experiments of wild-living populations of each of three species. We will also test crucial interspecific predictions via comparisons of eastern bluebirds and American robins, two thrush species in the same subfamily, Turdinae. These comparisons will allow us to make inferences about the effects of ecological variation on differences between the species, because the confounding effects of shared phylogeny will be held constant. We will also test other interspecific predictions via comparisons of eastern bluebirds and European starlings, two cavity nesting species from different families within the Passeriformes. These comparisons will allow us to make inferences about the effects of ecology on similarities between these species, because the confounding effect of shared phylogeny will be absent. We will experimentally test the FCH by experimental manipulation of prey and nesting cavities used by eastern bluebirds. We will use up to ten highly variable species specific DNA microsatellite primers in "DNA typing" useful for genetic parentage testing; we will use field observations of naturally occurring behavior, and experimental manipulations of wild-living individuals in our tests of these ideas.