SELF CONCEPT, AFFECT AND MOTIVATION IN CHILDREN

儿童的自我概念、情感和动机

• 批准号: 2634884
• 负责人: SUSAN HARTER
• 金额: $ 17.53万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF DENVER (COLORADO SEMINARY)
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1976
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1976-05-01 至 2000-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2634884
• 关键词: adolescence (12-20); behavioral /social science research tag; child (0-11); child behavior; child psychology; education; human subject; longitudinal human study; parent offspring interaction

A major goal of our previous research has been the development of a theoretiCally-driven model of the causes, correlates, and consequences of self-esteem. Competence in domains of importance and approval from significant others impact self-esteem and its correlates, e.g., depressed affect which in turn predict suicidal thinking. Although gender differences were not an initial focus, findings have consistently identified areas of the self-system where females are at risk. Females consistently report lower self-esteem, greater depressed affect, and more negative evaluations of their appearance than do males. Moreover, adolescent females who base their self-esteem on their appearance are at even greater risk for low self-esteem, dressed affect, and perceived unattractiveness. In studies of false self behavior, those girls reporting a feminine gender orientation are most likely to report low levels of "voice", where one suppresses one's true opinions. In a study of adult relationship styles, we found that other-focused overly, connected women with self-focused autonomous male partners reported the least validation and the highest levels of false self behavior. While for many females there are clearly threats to the self-system, there are notable individual differences within gender and similar processes appear to underlie these phenomena in males. Thus, the present proposal addresses the processes underlying many of these effects. In the first study we will longitudinally examine Gilligan's Contention that girls lose their voice in adolescence, focusing on predictors of individual difference, as well, namely gender orientation, support for voice, across a number of relational contexts. In a follow-up study we will focus on level of voice and self-esteem with parents, building upon Cooper & Grotevant's model in which parental displays of individuality (expressing one's views clearly) and connectedness (showing respect for the adolescent's views) lead to the most positive outcomes. In another study, we will examine the effects of coeducational vs. an all-girls high school on level of voice in the classroom, self-esteem, confidence, math/science competence and mastery motivation. In another study, we will pursue potential ethnic differences, examining the buses and correlates of level of voice and self-esteem in Hispanic and European- American youth. In a final study, we will broaden our range of true/false self behaviors, depressed affect, and self-esteem within the relationship. We feel that these studies will enhance our understanding of those processes that threaten the self-system of certain females as well as males.

我们以前研究的一个主要目标是开发一种 理论驱动的原因、相关因素和后果模型 自尊心 在重要领域的能力和批准 重要他人影响自尊及其相关因素，例如， 抑郁情绪进而预测自杀想法。虽然 性别差异不是最初的重点，调查结果一直是 确定自我系统中女性面临风险的领域。女性 一贯报告较低的自尊，更大的抑郁情绪， 对她们外表的负面评价比男性多。此外，委员会认为， 把自尊建立在外表上的青春期女性， 在低自尊，穿着影响，和感知的风险更大 没有吸引力在虚假自我行为的研究中， 报告女性性别取向的人最有可能报告低 “声音”的层次，一个人压制自己的真实意见。在一项研究中 我们发现，过度关注他人， 与自我为中心的自主男性伴侣有联系的女性报告说， 最少的确认和最高水平的虚假自我行为。而 对于许多女性来说，自我系统显然受到威胁， 性别和类似过程中的显著个体差异 似乎是男性这些现象的基础。因此，本提案 解决了许多这些影响背后的过程。上 我们将纵向研究吉利根的论点，即女孩 在青春期失声，专注于个人的预测因素， 差异，也就是性别取向，支持声音， 在许多关系环境中。在后续研究中，我们将 注重与父母交流的声音和自尊水平， 库珀和格罗特万特的模型中，父母的个性表现 （清楚地表达自己的观点）和连通性（表示对 青少年的观点）导致最积极的结果。在另一 在一项研究中，我们将研究男女同校与全女生的影响。 高中对课堂发言水平、自尊、自信、 数学/科学能力和掌握动机。在另一项研究中，我们 将追查潜在的种族差异，检查巴士， 西班牙裔和欧洲裔的声音和自尊水平的相关性- 美国青年在最后的研究中，我们将扩大我们的范围， 真实/虚假的自我行为，抑郁情绪和自尊， 关系我们认为这些研究将增进我们对 这些过程威胁到某些女性的自我系统， 以及男性。