DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT TERM MEMORY FOR SPEECH ATTRIBUTES

描述：这项相互竞争的延续提案考察了- 语音和相关声音属性的术语记忆在 童年。它区分被动的、毫不费力的过程(例如， 感觉和语音记忆存储)和活动过程 只有在分配了足够的注意力(例如，秘密)时才执行 发音和记忆搜索)。鉴于过去的研究主要集中在 发育变化主要发生在几个活跃的过程中(例如，隐蔽的 口头排练)，调查人员最近观察到大量 在两个不同的年龄段中，被动健忘率的下降 程序：参与者比较两个人的音高 音调略有不同，由无声的可变音程隔开 持续时间，以及另一项实验中，参与者试图识别 在他们的陈述和随后的沉默中都被忽略了 时间间隔。调查人员还获得了关于 在活动处理中可能发生的更改。具体地说，在一个系列中 回忆任务，口语中单词之间沉默停顿的持续时间 研究发现，随着发育的发展，反应会减少。结果是 表明停顿的变化源于大脑发育过程中 短时记忆搜索的效率。有趣的是，暂停 持续时间与跨度相关，但窗台与另一个独立 相关的跨度，语速。这项拟议的研究旨在 更坚定地确立这些新观察到的被动和主动变化 加工，并确定它们对短期记忆的贡献 发展。这些方法包括实验任务的组合。 已经在调查员的实验室中使用，以及它们的变体 它们之间可以进行异种受精。例如，双音 比较时将忽略第一个音调 呈现和忽略--语音研究将检查对多个单词的记忆 列表。目标是确定任务之间的关系，以便 确定涉及多个因素的潜在理论机制 他们中的一员。儿童的被动健忘率将与 预测记忆跨度的记忆搜索和语速都要长得多 准确到目前为止都是不可能的。结果应该领先于 一种改进的正常短期记忆理论模型 这将在解释和解释中发挥相当大的作用 学习和语言习得困难的最终治疗 孩子们。

DESCRIPTION: This competing continuation proposal examines how short- term memory for attributes of speech and related sounds changes during childhood. It distinguishes between passive, effortless processes (e.g., sensory and phonological memory storage) and active processes that are carried out only if sufficient attention is allocated (e.g., covert articulation and memory search). Whereas past research has focused on developmental changes primarily in a few active processes (e.g., covert verbal rehearsal), the investigator has recently observed substantial decreases in passive forgetting rates across ages, in two different procedures: one in which participants compared the pitches of two slightly different tones separated by a silent interval of variable duration, and another in which participants tried to identify words that were ignored during both their presentation and a subsequent silent interval. The investigator has also obtained a fresh perspective on changes that may occur in active processing. Specifically, in a serial recall task, the durations of silent pauses between words in the spoken responses were found to decrease with development. The results suggested that the pause changes stem from a developmental increase in the efficiency of short-term memory search. Interestingly, pause durations correlated with span but sill were independent of another correlate of span, the speaking rate. The proposed research aims to establish more firmly these newly observed changes in passive and active processing, and to determine their contribution to short-term memory development. The methods involve combinations of the experimental tasks already in use in the investigator's laboratory and variations of those that allow cross-fertilization among them. For example, two-tone comparisons will be examined with the first tone ignored during its presenation, and ignored-speech studies will examine memory for multiword lists. The goal is to determine the relations between tasks in order to identify underlying theoretical mechanisms that enter into more than one of them. Children's passive forgetting rates will be used along with both memory search and speaking rates to predict memory span much more accurately than has been possible until now. The results should lead to an improved theoretical model of normal short-term memory developmental that will be of considerable use in the interpretation and eventual treatment of learning and language acquisition difficulties in children.