Eco-Energy Retrofit, Grove Housing Association, Belfast

我们的改造模式演变为包括被动式房屋、矿物学和主动房屋原则的组合。我们采用了主动住宅标准，因为我们想要实现全面的改造，以涵盖采光和蕴含能源等问题。该标准规定了主要能源、室内气候和环境的目标，并强调了居住者的健康和福祉。采用PHPP对每项拟议的改造措施进行敏感性分析，并采用Trias Energetica概念建立措施层次。为了防止过热，隔热水平的设计适应了夏季的条件，并考虑到预计到2050年夏季最高平均温度的上升。系统的解构使从房屋中移除的所有材料都可以进行测量，以进行生命周期评估（LCA）。使用Sima Pro ISO 14044 LCA软件将改造房屋的隐含能量与等效的新建筑进行比较。为了使楼板的u值达到0.10 W/m²K，拆除了20吨旧楼板和碎石，在新混凝土楼板下铺设了200毫米的酚醛保温材料。为了减少热桥接，在外墙和内墙处安装了30mm的酚醛边缘保温材料，在外墙处安装了120mm的保温材料。部分墙壁在2001年使用点法和dab法进行了部分干衬，导致隔热层和砖墙内部表面之间缺乏气密性。这使得温暖潮湿的空气凝结在干燥衬里后面的冷砖和灰泥上，对结构木材造成损害，并产生有毒霉菌生长的区域。这种腐烂的证据凸显了密封性的重要性，世界卫生组织（World Health organization）也发出了警告，称居住者的健康正遭受“因节能措施不到位而导致的潮湿和霉菌暴露增加”的困扰。我们发现位于干衬里下方的木托梁已经湿腐。然而，在没有安装干衬里的阁楼中，我们发现托梁状况良好。最终的解决方案是将木制托梁剪短，并将两端插入钢制通用梁中，该梁由隔热垫支撑，位于隔热层内。墙体保温策略是在广泛研究了内部保温对建筑织物的影响后发展起来的。考虑了各种各样的研究，包括弗劳恩霍夫研究所关于砖墙干燥的研究和加拿大国家研究委员会关于太阳能向内蒸汽扩散的研究。在安装内部绝缘材料之前，将硅氧烷基疏水浸渍剂应用于砖砌的外部。为了实现0.15 W/m²K的外墙u值，使用热破碎固定装置将120mm厚的酚醛绝缘材料粘合到18mm定向股流板（OSB）上。安装在不同墙单元界面上的水分传感器的结果表明，墙内的水分含量逐渐减少。在解构过程中，我们发现已经安装了大约25年的矿棉绝缘材料已经被紧紧地贴在了衬垫毡上。由于缺乏气隙，导致原有的木材腐烂，因此需要一个新的屋顶。我们设计并制造了一个具有高绝缘水平的预制屋顶，以获得0.10 W/m²K的u值。旧屋顶被拆除，新屋顶被升起，并在24小时内做到了防风雨。当地制造的三层玻璃窗安装在隔热圈内，将其与周围的砖砌工程隔离开来。为了最大限度地减少热量损失并控制通过三层玻璃窗获得的太阳能，安装了热百叶窗。为了增加白天的采光，安装了四个三层玻璃屋顶窗户和一个阳光隧道来照亮中央楼梯井。太阳隧道经过修改，使反射铝管与外部闪光灯热隔离。安装在光隧道内的装有半透明紫外线稳定气凝胶绝缘材料的盒式材料提供了0.50 W/m²K的估计u值。改造后的房子正在进行建筑性能评估，以比较预测的建筑性能和测量的性能。节能信托基金正在监测能源使用情况、室内气候和许多其他指标，用于两年的入住期。结构的性能正在使用各种传感器进行监测，包括位于建筑织物内的湿度和温度传感器。附在热包层的各种元件上的热通量传感器将能够分析预测的u值和原位u值。

Our retrofit model evolved to include a combination of Passivhaus, Minergie and Active House principles. The Active House standard was adopted as we wanted to achieve a comprehensive retrofit to cover issues such as day lighting and embodied energy. This standard specifies targets for primary energy, indoor climate and environment and has an emphasis on occupant health and wellbeing.A sensitivity analysis of each proposed retrofit measure was conducted using PHPP with the Trias Energetica concept employed to establish a hierarchy of measures. To prevent overheating, insulation levels were designed to suit the summer condition and took into account the predicted increase in the maximum mean summer temperature expected by 2050.A systematic deconstruction enabled all material removed from the house to be measured to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA). Sima Pro ISO 14044 LCA software was used to compare the embodied energy of the retrofit house to an equivalent new build.To provide a floor u-value of 0.10 W/m²K, twenty tonnes of old floor slab and rubble were removed to allow for 200mm of phenolic insulation under the new concrete slab. To reduce thermal bridging, 30mm of phenolic edge insulation was fitted against the party and internal walls and 120mm against the external walls.Some walls had been partially dry lined in 2001 using the dot and dab method resulting in a lack of airtightness between the insulation and the internal face of the brickwork. This had allowed warm moisture laden air to condense on the cold brickwork and plaster behind the dry lining, causing damage to structural timbers and creating areas of toxic mould growth. Evidence of this decay highlighted the importance of airtightness and also the warning issued by the World Health Organisation of occupant’s health suffering from “Increased exposure to dampness and mould being created by energy conservation measures that are not carried out properly”.We found that wooden joists positioned below the dry lining were suffering from wet rot. However, in the attic where dry lining hadn’t been installed, the joists were found to be in good condition. The eventual solution was to cut the wooden joists short and slot the ends into a steel universal beam supported on insulated pads positioned within the thermal envelope.The wall insulation strategy developed after extensive research into the impact of internal insulation on the building fabric. Various studies were considered including ones by the Fraunhofer Institute on the drying of brick walls and the National Research Council Canada on solar driven inward vapour diffusion. A siloxane based hydrophobic impregnation was applied to the exterior of the brickwork before the internal insulation was installed. To achieve an external wall u-value of 0.15 W/m²K, 120mm thick phenolic insulation bonded to 18mm oriented strand board (OSB) was fitted using thermally broken fixings. Results from moisture sensors installed at the various wall element interfaces indicate a progressive reduction of moisture content within the walls.During deconstruction we discovered that mineral wool insulation which had been installed for around twenty five years had been pushed tight up against the sarking felt. The lack of an air gap had caused the original timbers to rot and as a consequence a new roof was required. We designed and manufacture a prefabricated roof with a high level of insulation to obtain a u-value of 0.10 W/m²K. The old roof was removed and the new roof lifted on and made weather tight within a twenty-four hour period.The locally manufactured triple glazed windows were installed in the reveals within an insulation collar to isolate them from the surrounding brick work. To minimise heat loss and control solar gain through the triple glazed windows, thermal blinds were fitted.To increase day lighting, four triple glazed roof windows were installed and a sun tunnel to illuminate the central stair well. The sun tunnel was modified to thermally isolate the reflective aluminium tube from the external flashing. A cassette filled with translucent UV stable aerogel insulation mounted inside the light tunnel provides an estimated u-value of 0.50 W/m²K.The retrofit house is being subjected to a building performance evaluation to compare the predicted building performance with the measured performance. The Energy Saving Trust is monitoring energy use, indoor climate and a host of other metrics for a two year post occupancy period. Performance of the structure is being monitored using various sensors including ones for moisture and temperature positioned within the building fabric. Heat flux sensors attached to various elements of the thermal envelope will enable analysis of predicted u-values and in situ u-values.