Community Policing in Scotland

合作伙伴：苏格兰犯罪与司法研究中心（Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research，SCCJR）苏格兰警务研究所（Scottish Institute for Policing Research，SIPR）洛锡安和边境警察（LBP）KT团队：Simon麦肯齐，SCCJR（KT Fellow）Alistair亨利，SIPRAdvisers：Nick Fyfe，Director，SIPRRichard Sparks，Director，SCCJR乔恩班尼斯特，SCCJR“社区警务”一词涵盖了各种不同的实践模式。就公众对社区警务的经验而言，该战略的共同要素往往是：警察徒步巡逻而不是车辆巡逻;警察参加社区会议;被派往某个街区负责该地区并将成为该地区社区关系联络点的巡逻警官;以及解决当地问题的方法，通常与其他公共服务部门合作，社区警察试图从根本上解决当地的问题，而不是简单地通过逮捕个别罪犯来应对犯罪。因此，社区警察是一种有别于通常的模式。“响应”或“消防队”警务，警察响应服务要求。社区警务是苏格兰警察提供的服务的一部分，但他们仍然主要以反应为导向。然而，苏格兰的部队确实认识到社区警务在其他司法管辖区取得的重大成功和公众的欢迎程度，并正在根据比较模式中的最佳做法，扩大社区警务的范围。这一知识转让项目涉及学术犯罪学家与爱丁堡市社区警察及其高级官员合作，以确定和制定苏格兰社区警务的未来方向。该方案包括一系列讲习班，其成果将在苏格兰警察部队以及联合王国和国际上传播。这些讲习班将包括：1.讨论苏格兰目前的社区警务做法，包括实施困难2。探讨社区警务的概念基础，以及如何在比较法域中将这一概念转化为实践（包括确定在解释社区警务概念时的模糊之处，并重点关注苏格兰背景下的核心重要性，这将有助于解决这些模糊之处）3.试图解开和解决目前已知的问题，在苏格兰社区警务4。找出不为人所知的问题，并探讨解决这些问题的可能办法5。在苏格兰警察部门内外传播讲习班的主要成果。社区警务如果得到有效执行，可以产生相当大的社会效益。这些措施包括减少犯罪、混乱和反社会行为;增加公众的安全感;改善警察与社区的关系;改进地方议会、警察和其他机构联合解决邻里问题的办法;大大增加社区成员参与影响警务议程的机会，以满足他们确定的邻里需要。该项目的转型潜力在Skogan（2004）对芝加哥社区警务战略的十年评估中得到了体现，该战略“旨在转型：也就是说，它旨在改变整个部门甚至市政府开展业务的方式。这项计划把解决问题的责任融入巡逻人员的日常工作中，并使他们融入社会。它建立了一种机制，公众可以通过这种机制影响和监督其社区官员的工作.。社区警务深受公众欢迎，已成为芝加哥人期望警察提供服务的常规方式。'

Partners: The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (SCCJR)The Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR)Lothian and Borders Police (LBP)KT team:Simon Mackenzie, SCCJR (KT Fellow)Alistair Henry, SIPRAdvisers:Nick Fyfe, Director, SIPRRichard Sparks, Director, SCCJRJon Bannister, SCCJRThe term 'community policing' covers a variety of different models of practice. In terms of the public experience of community policing, the common elements of the strategy tend to be: police foot patrols rather than vehicle patrols; community meetings attended by the police; beat officers who are assigned to a neighbourhood, who have responsibility for that area, and will be a point of contact for community relations in the area; and a problem-solving approach to local issues, often in partnership with other public services, which attempts to get to the root of local problems rather than simply responding to crime by arresting individual offenders.Community policing is therefore a model distinct from the more usual 'response' or 'fire-brigade' policing whereby the police answer calls for service. Community policing is part of the service the police offer in Scotland, but they are still predominantly response-oriented. Scotland's forces do, however, recognise the significant successes and public popularity of community policing in other jurisdictions, and are moving towards expanding their provision of community policing, based on an identification of best practice in comparative models. This knowledge transfer project involves academic criminologists working with the City of Edinburgh community police and their senior officers to identify and develop future directions for community policing in Scotland. The programme consists of a series of workshops, the results of which will be disseminated across Scotland's police forces, as well as UK-wide and internationally. These workshops will involve:1. discussions of current community policing practice in Scotland, including implementation difficulties2. exploration of the conceptual basis of community policing, and how the concept has been turned into practice in comparative jurisdictions (including identification of ambiguities in interpretation of the idea of community policing, and development of a focus on what is of core importance in the Scottish context, which will help in negotiating these ambiguities)3. attempts to unravel and resolve current known problems in community policing in Scotland4. identification of problems which are not widely known, and explorations of possible solutions to these problems5. dissemination of key outcomes of the workshops throughout Scotland's police, and beyond. Community policing if performed effectively can have considerable social benefits. These include reductions in crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour; increasing feelings of safety among members of the public; improvements in police-community relations; improvements in joined-up problem-solving approaches to neighbourhood problems between local councils, the police, and other agencies; and greatly increased opportunities for community members to become involved in influencing the policing agenda to meet their identified neighbourhood needs. The transformational potential of the project is captured in Skogan's (2004) ten- year evaluation of Chicago's community policing strategy, which 'was intended to be transformational: that is, it was designed to change the way in which the entire department and even city government did its business... it weaves responsibility for problem solving into the daily routine of beat officers and integrates them into the fabric of the community. It created a mechanism by which the public can influence and monitor the work of officers in their neighbourhood... immensely popular with the public, community policing has become the routine way in which Chicagoans expect police services to be delivered.'