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Penality and the Social Construction of Gender in Post-Soviet Russia: the impact prisoners' relatives of their encounters with penal Russia

后苏联时期俄罗斯的刑罚与性别社会建构：囚犯亲属遭遇刑罚俄罗斯的影响

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H008349/1
负责人：
Judith Pallot
金额：
$ 28.52万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH008349%2F1
关键词：
Penality Social Construction Gender Post

项目摘要

There is a large corpus of literature about the history and culture of imprisonment in Russia and the former Soviet Unon that draws on the testimonies of former prisoners and detailed analyses of archival sources. In this literature the presence and importance of the relatives of prisoners - their wives, partners, siblings and parents - whilst acknowledged, are generally not the focus of interest even though their experiences may be no less important in shaping the understanding that Russians have of their penal past and present than those of the prisoners' themselves. Prisoners' relatives, occupying a space between 'incarceration' and 'freedom', are a type of 'quasi-prisoner', drawn into the penal system but never wholly part of it. The proposed research project will bring to foreground the experiences of this group of people, examining the nature of their encounters, both real and imagined, with the penal system and the transformative affect of these have on individual and collective identities in post-Soviet Russia. Inevitably, the research will take and historical and cultural approach since, despite the Russian government's avowed commitment to introducing into its penal institutions international standards for the humane treatment of prisoners, penal practices in the Russian Federation have strong continuities with the Soviet past, just as have popular attitudes to imprisonment. As an example, the geographical distribution of prisons in the Russian Federation laid down during the Soviet period when prisoners were used to mobilise resources in the peripheries of the state means that visitors, predominantly women, have to endure long journeys to reach penal colonies in which their relatives are incarcerated. These journeys continue a more-than-century-long tradition of women following their 'husbands' to their place of exile, a tradition that continues to shape gender identities in Russia today. Women today are less likely than some of their forebears to re-locate to places of penal exile, but the decision to undertake the journey to the penal colony, as in the past, involves a choice about whether to submit to the disciplinary control of the penal authorities. By the same token, although not courting the same dangers as in the past, the decision about whether to tell their friends, neighbours and children about their situation is a difficult one for women in Russia today, as, indeed, it is for the relatives of prisoners in other high imprisonment societies. The project is, therefore, informed by the idea that Russia's carceral archipelgo extends well beyond 'the prison walls' and is implicated in the forging of Russian culture. The project will use various accounts and representations (including fiction, documentary, popular, internet, and interviews) to explore how the experiences of quasi-prisoners have been transformed, reproduced and contested in the 20th and 21st century. Many of the sources relating to the Soviet period are available in the UK or in Russia. For the current period, the two sources key to the success of the project are a self-help website for prisoners and their families that includes postings made over a five year period in the early 2000s by visitors returning from visits to penal colonies all over Russia of which PI already has a copy, and interviews with prisoner relatives that will be conducted by a team of researchers in Russia experienced in ethnographic interview methods. The project will draw on debates in the humanities and social studies about penality, social marginalization, gender and human rights. It is cross-disciplinary, drawing upon Areas Studies background of the PI and the experiences of the research assistant in literary and historical analysis. The research will mainly take place in the UK but will require a visit to Russia for library and archive work. The principal output of the research will be a monograph, Russian-language report and dissemination workshops.

有大量关于俄罗斯和前苏联监禁历史和文化的文献资料，这些文献利用了前囚犯的证词和对档案来源的详细分析。在这些文献中，囚犯亲属-他们的妻子、伴侣、兄弟姐妹和父母-的存在和重要性虽然得到承认，但通常不是兴趣的焦点，尽管他们的经历在塑造俄罗斯人对他们的刑罚过去和现在的理解方面可能不亚于囚犯自己的经历。囚犯亲属介于“监禁”和“自由”之间，是一种“准囚犯”，他们被纳入刑罚体系，但从未完全融入其中。拟议的研究项目将突出这类人的经历，考察他们遭遇的性质，包括真实的和想象的，与刑罚制度以及这些对后苏联俄罗斯的个人和集体身份的变革性影响。不可避免的是，研究将采取历史和文化的方法，因为尽管俄罗斯政府公开承诺在其刑罚机构中引入人道对待囚犯的国际标准，但俄罗斯联邦的刑罚做法与苏联的过去有很强的连续性，就像对监禁的普遍态度一样。例如，俄罗斯联邦在苏联时期规定的监狱地理分布，当时囚犯被用来在国家外围调动资源，这意味着来访者，主要是妇女，必须长途跋涉才能到达其亲属被监禁的刑罚殖民地。这些旅行延续了一个多世纪以来的传统，即妇女跟随她们的“丈夫”前往流放地，这一传统继续塑造着今天俄罗斯的性别认同。今天的妇女不像她们的一些祖先那样，不太可能重新安置到流放地，但是，像过去一样，决定前往流放地，涉及是否服从刑罚当局的纪律控制的选择。同样，尽管不像过去那样面临同样的危险，但对于今天的俄罗斯妇女来说，决定是否将自己的处境告诉朋友、邻居和子女是一个困难的决定，事实上，对于其他高监禁社会的囚犯的亲属来说也是如此。因此，该项目是由俄罗斯的carceral群岛延伸远远超出了“监狱墙”的想法，并在俄罗斯文化的锻造牵连。该项目将使用各种帐户和表示（包括小说，纪录片，流行，互联网和采访），以探索准囚犯的经验如何在20和21世纪世纪被改造，复制和争议。许多与苏联时期有关的资料来源都可以在英国或俄罗斯找到。目前，该项目成功的两个关键来源是一个囚犯及其家属自助网站，其中包括21世纪初访问俄罗斯各地劳改营的游客在五年内发布的帖子，PI已经有一份副本，以及对囚犯亲属的采访，这些采访将由俄罗斯的一个研究小组进行，他们在民族志采访方法方面经验丰富。该项目将利用人文和社会研究中关于惩罚、社会边缘化、性别和人权的辩论。它是跨学科的，借鉴PI的区域研究背景和研究助理在文学和历史分析的经验。研究将主要在英国进行，但需要访问俄罗斯的图书馆和档案工作。研究的主要成果将是一本专著、俄文报告和传播讲习班。