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The 'Dog Fancy' and Fancy Dogs: Pedigree, Breeding and Britishness, 1859-1914.

“花式狗”和花式狗：血统、繁殖和英国性，1859-1914 年。

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H030808/1
负责人：
Michael Worboys
金额：
$ 33.28万
依托单位：
University of Manchester
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH030808%2F1
关键词：
Dog Fancy Dogs Pedigree Breeding

项目摘要

Dog breeds have a long history, created over thousands of years to aid in work (setters and terriers) and leisure (Bull Dogs), or for ornament (e.g. King Charles Spaniels). However, in the mid-nineteenth century the nature and meaning of breeds changed with the development of pedigree dogs, with specific standards and certified lineages in published pedigrees. These 'new' dogs were displayed and judged at shows, traded in emerging markets, and became associated with social groups and identities. Pedigree breeds were created by the 'dog fancy', a new social formation of breeders, aficionados and owners that was initially unique to Britain, but which was then emulated around the world. The world's first modern dog shows were in Newcastle and Birmingham in 1859 and the London Kennel Club's Stud Books, first published in 1874, became international reference documents.The nature and meaning of dog breeds changed in four linked ways. First, breeds came to be defined by form rather than function, with standards regulated and certiificated by the Kennel Club. Indeed, the question of the welfare of pedigree breeds, which has recently been the subject of intense public scrutiny and debate, dates from the very first shows and concerns about judging only for conformation. Secondly, the number of breeds increased as novel forms were created by selective breeding, or imported from across the world. Thirdly, specific breeds were produced by, and became associated with, particular social groups, for example, 'ladies' and Yorkshire terriers, and the minor gentry and Basset Hounds. Fourthly, societies and service industries were created to support pedigree dogs, their owners and the dog fancy, which changed the nature and meaning of pet owning across the country.This project will begin by investigating the social locations and forms of the 'dog fancy', to determine how its institutions operated across class, gender, region and age, and map the forms of expertise, formal and informal, that developed amongst breeders, owners, entrepreneurs and veterinarians. We will then explore changing definitions of pedigree, and how meanings of 'lineage', 'blood' and 'type' developed and were used by the 'dog fancy'. We will do this for 'pedigree' in general, and for particular breeds. There are numerous sources in the archives of the Kennel Club, in records of dog shows and breed club records, and in the large newspaper, periodical and book literature that was produced, much of it richly illustrated. It is suggestive that the first dog shows were in the same year as the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species; we will deepen our ongoing research into how dog breeding interacted ideas of evolution and heredity. It is well known that 'artificial selection' was critical to the development of the theory of natural selection, but we will go on from this to look at dog breeding's role in changing ideas of heredity, especially eugenics. Victorians and Edwardians were concerned about the impact of inbreeding on the health of individual dogs and the degeneration of breeds. As well as exploring these concerns within the 'dog fancy', we ask how qualified veterinarians and lay 'dog doctors' understood, advised upon, and managed the health and welfare of pedigree dogs.In final part of our work, we will ask how dog breeding and pedigree breeds reflected and shaped notions of Britishness, along with regional, class and gender identities, particularly in relation to biological conceptions of blood, ancestry and character. We will look at the emergence of the idea of Britain as a 'nation of dog lovers' and the extent to which this reshaped meanings of Britishness, from the eighteenth-century creation of John Bull and his bulldog to the ageing Queen Victoria surrounded by collies and other homely breeds.

狗的品种有着悠久的历史，创造了数千年来，以帮助工作（塞特和梗）和休闲（斗牛犬），或装饰（例如查尔斯王猎犬）。然而，在世纪中期，随着纯种犬的发展，品种的性质和意义发生了变化，在出版的谱系中有特定的标准和认证的谱系。这些“新”狗在展览中被展示和评判，在新兴市场交易，并与社会群体和身份联系在一起。纯种狗是由“狗迷”创造的，这是一种由饲养者、爱好者和主人组成的新的社会形态，最初仅限于英国，但后来被世界各地效仿。1859年，世界上第一次现代犬展在纽卡斯尔和伯明翰举行。1874年，伦敦养犬俱乐部出版的《种马书》首次出版，成为国际参考文献。首先，犬种是由形式而不是功能来定义的，标准由养犬俱乐部规定和认证。事实上，血统品种的福利问题，最近一直是公众密切关注和辩论的主题，可以追溯到第一次展示和关注只判断构象。其次，品种的数量增加了，因为通过选择性育种创造了新的形式，或者从世界各地进口。第三，特定的品种是由特定的社会群体产生的，并与特定的社会群体联系在一起，例如，“淑女”和约克郡梗，以及小贵族和巴吉度猎犬。第四，社会和服务行业的建立是为了支持纯种狗，他们的主人和狗的爱好，这改变了全国各地养宠物的性质和意义。这个项目将开始通过调查“狗的爱好”的社会位置和形式，以确定其机构如何跨阶级，性别，地区和年龄运作，并绘制正式和非正式的专业知识形式，在饲养者、主人、企业家和兽医中发展起来的。然后，我们将探讨不断变化的定义的血统，以及如何意义的“血统”，“血”和“类型”的发展和使用的“狗的爱好者”。我们将这样做的'血统'一般，并为特定的品种。在养犬俱乐部的档案中，在狗展和品种俱乐部记录的记录中，以及在大型报纸，期刊和书籍文献中，有许多来源，其中大部分都有丰富的插图。第一次狗展与达尔文的《物种起源》的出版是在同一年，这一点很有启发性;我们将深化我们正在进行的关于狗的繁殖如何与进化和遗传思想相互作用的研究。众所周知，“人工选择”对自然选择理论的发展至关重要，但我们将从这一点出发，看看狗的育种在改变遗传观念，特别是优生学方面的作用。英国人和爱德华七世时代的人担心近亲繁殖对狗的健康和品种退化的影响。除了在“狗的爱好”中探索这些问题外，我们还询问合格的兽医和外行“狗医生”如何理解、建议和管理纯种狗的健康和福利。在我们工作的最后一部分，我们将询问狗的繁殖和纯种狗是如何反映和塑造英国人的观念的，沿着地区、阶级和性别认同，特别是与血液的生物学概念，血统和性格。我们将研究英国作为“爱狗之国”的观念的出现，以及这种观念在多大程度上重塑了英国性的含义，从18世纪约翰·布尔和他的斗牛犬的诞生，到被牧羊犬和其他家养品种包围的年迈的维多利亚女王。