How Russia Learned to Talk: A Social and Political History of Speech, 1860-1940

俄罗斯如何学会说话：言语的社会和政治史，1860-1940

• 批准号: AH/H039457/1
• 负责人: Stephen Lovell
• 金额: $ 9.53万
• 依托单位: King's College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH039457%2F1
• 关键词: How; Russia; Learned; Talk; Social

This project provides a pioneering account of speech as a medium of communication in Russia from the middle of the nineteenth century across the revolutionary divide of 1917 into the early Soviet period. It argues that Russia's Age of Reforms (1850s-60s) saw the emergence of new arenas where the spoken word could be used to greatly increased public effect: law courts, local organs of self-government (zemstvos), municipal assemblies (dumas). In addition, pre-existing institutions - the universities, the army, the Russian Orthodox Church - underwent changes that brought new opportunities for public oral communication, or at the very least placed a premium on effective communication. The later nineteenth century was accordingly a period of intense activity in the courtroom, the lecture theatre and the assembly room. It was also a time of intense self-scrutiny as the various practitioners of public speech - lawyers, professionals, preachers, politicians - reflected on how best to get through to their target audiences. Their task became all the more urgent as the Russian Empire entered a phase of revolutionary instability and mass mobilization in the early twentieth century.The early Soviet period represented a continuation and intensification of this communicative project rather than a radical diversion from it. The Bolsheviks were from the start believers in the power of the printed word, but, in the Civil War and for years afterwards, they also relied heavily on face-to-face oral communication (known as 'agitation'). In addition, Soviet life - with its grass-roots meetings and public rituals - forced more and more people into the role of speakers as well as listeners. The Bolshevik goal of capturing the minds of 'the masses' was still distant in the 1920s, but in the 1930s it came more sharply into view. The 'Stalin revolution' of collectivization and industrialization had at its corollary in the sphere of mass communication the coming of age of a new medium - the radio - which became an intrusive presence in sites of urban life ranging from the factory floor to the communal apartment. Soviet broadcasting would reach its apotheosis in World War II, when it became the medium of choice for the regime to issue its rallying cries to the population.The story of communications in Russia will, then, in part reflect that country's turbulent political history. But it will also shed new light on politics, on society, and on the interaction between the two. Imperial Russia, as it willy-nilly entered the European age of mass nationalism and social mobilization, had to imagine new communities - whether political, national, professional, or religious - and recruit new social constituencies. The proposed study will take its structure from the various efforts in that vein that were made in late imperial and early Soviet Russia. It will examine how lawyers made use of their freedom to hold forth on public matters under the auspices of the jury trial; how priests tried to spread the Word more charismatically to their parishioners; how students, lecturers and politicians attempted to create, and then intervene in, an oral public sphere; and how, for all these groups, the medium of speech interacted with that of print (in particular the mass press).The ultimate aims of the project are, by tackling an altogether new subject, to contribute to the debate on the extent of the continuities across the revolutionary divide; to bring the history of communications closer to the mainstream of Russian history; and to put the social and political history of late imperial and early Soviet history in a more thoroughly comparative context.

这个项目提供了一个开创性的帐户的讲话作为一种媒介的沟通在俄罗斯从十九世纪中期跨越革命分歧的1917年到苏联早期时期。它认为，俄罗斯的改革时代（19世纪50年代至60年代）看到了新的舞台的出现，口语可以用来大大增加公共效果：法院，地方自治机关（zemstvos），市政议会（大仲马）。此外，先前存在的机构-大学、军队、俄罗斯东正教会-经历了变化，为公共口头交流带来了新的机会，或者至少对有效的交流给予了重视。因此，世纪后期是法庭、演讲厅和会议室活动频繁的时期。这也是一个强烈的自我审视的时期，因为各种公共演讲的从业者-律师，专业人士，传教士，政治家-反思如何最好地与目标受众沟通。随着俄罗斯帝国在世纪初进入革命不稳定和群众动员的阶段，他们的任务变得更加紧迫。苏联早期代表着这一传播项目的继续和加强，而不是彻底偏离它。布尔什维克从一开始就相信印刷文字的力量，但是，在内战和之后的几年里，他们还严重依赖面对面的口头交流（称为“鼓动”）。此外，苏联的生活--包括基层会议和公共仪式--迫使越来越多的人扮演演讲者和听众的角色。布尔什维克夺取“群众”思想的目标在20世纪20年代还很遥远，但在30年代，这一目标变得更加清晰。集体化和工业化的“斯大林革命”在大众传播领域的必然结果是一种新媒体--无线电--时代的到来，它成为从工厂车间到公共公寓的城市生活场所的一种侵入性存在。苏联的广播在第二次世界大战中达到了顶峰，成为苏联政权向民众发出战斗口号的媒介，俄罗斯的通信史将在一定程度上反映该国动荡的政治历史。但它也将为政治、社会以及两者之间的互动提供新的视角。当俄罗斯帝国不情愿地进入欧洲大规模民族主义和社会动员时代时，它不得不设想新的共同体--无论是政治的、民族的、职业的还是宗教的--并招募新的社会选民。拟议的研究将采取其结构从各种努力，在这方面所作的后期帝国和早期苏联俄罗斯。它将探讨律师如何利用他们的自由，在陪审团审判的主持下，对公共事务进行阐述;牧师如何试图更有魅力地向他们的教区居民传播圣言;学生，讲师和政治家如何试图创造，然后干预，一个口头的公共领域;以及对所有这些群体来说，语言媒介与印刷媒介是如何相互作用的（特别是大众媒体）。该项目的最终目标是，通过处理一个全新的主题，促进关于跨越革命鸿沟的连续性程度的辩论;使通信史更接近俄罗斯历史的主流;并将帝国晚期和苏联早期的社会和政治史置于一个更彻底的比较背景下。

项目成果

Russia in the Microphone Age: A History of Soviet Radio, 1919-1970

麦克风时代的俄罗斯：苏联广播史，1919-1970

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Lovell

Broadcasting Bolshevik: The Radio Voice of Soviet Culture, 1920s-1950s

广播布尔什维克：苏联文化的广播之声，1920 年代至 1950 年代

• DOI: 10.1177/0022009412461817
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: Journal of Contemporary History
• 影响因子: 0.7
• 作者: Lovell S