Medieval Francophone Literary Culture Outside France

中世纪学者很清楚，在整个中世纪盛期，法语在法国王国法语区之外被广泛使用。法语文本被广泛传播，在法国境外也有大量的本土法语文本传统。然而，19 -c会议议程。民族主义文学历史学家已经被证明是顽强的，如果法国以外的法语文学文化的一些领域，主要是盎格鲁-诺曼，一直是持续研究的主题，用法语写的文本的“法国性”在实践中很少受到质疑。因此，法国文化和法语文学传统在法国以外传播的性质和程度仍未得到充分研究和精确校准。此外，以“非标准”法语形式传播的文本经常被认为有缺陷或被删节，不值得关注。这个项目提出了中世纪法语文学文化的调查，将不集中在法国，而是在法语文本文化传播的两个重要轴：一个从英格兰穿过佛兰德斯，到勃艮第和超越；另一条穿过阿尔卑斯山到达意大利北部，然后进入地中海，再到更远的塞浦路斯和黎凡特。巴黎对这些轴线有所贡献，但并不一定站在它们的中心。我们不是简单地考虑文本的来源和最早的形式，而是研究它们的去向：何时、以何种形式以及为什么传播。手稿的来源很少被系统地研究（通常只是在目录或关键版本中没有注明），因此在许多情况下，带有法语文本的手稿被隐含地认为是“法语”，而没有考虑该术语的价值。然而，很明显，一些广泛传播的中世纪法语文本的幸存手稿中，有相当一部分来自法国以外。这种现象的程度是未知的，而这正是我们将努力确定的。该项目侧重于6个主要的法语文本传统，从12和13世纪开始，在13和14世纪在全欧洲传播，以及翻译/改编成其他语言的强大遗产：罗马德亚历山大，罗马德特洛伊，兰斯洛特和特里斯坦散文，罗马德拉罗斯和布鲁内托拉蒂尼的trimasssor。我们的目标是通过确定现存手稿的来源及其轨迹，尽可能准确地绘制出这些文本的传播地图。由于传统学术主要关注权威性“原件”的建立，而通常对文本在传播过程中变成什么不太感兴趣，这项新的研究将揭示大量迄今为止被封锁的法语文学文化传播数据。我们的第一个目标是为这些文本的时空传播提供可靠的经验数据。利用这些经验数据，项目团队将解决一系列关于在法国以外使用法语作为文化认同标志的更具思考性的问题。1)法语文本是在什么样的社会和文化环境中创作和传播到法国以外的？2)是否存在一种跨国法语文学文化，它是如何变化的？3)中世纪法语文学文本的焦点和形式是否随着迁移而改变？4)法国以外的生产和传播地点是否影响法国的文学传统？文学法语意味着一种文化认同吗？如果是这样，这一定与法国有关吗？6)文化身份是否应该被重新定义为可移动的，由运动和地点产生的？7)法语的非标准和混合形式的文化运费是什么？8)非标准形式如何影响我们对法语的理解？9)这对文学史有什么启示吗？

Medievalists are well aware that French was used widely outside French-speaking areas of the kingdom of France throughout the high Middle Ages. Texts in French were widely disseminated and there were substantial indigenous francophone textual traditions outside the borders of France. However, the agendas set by 19th-c. nationalist literary historians have proved tenacious and if some areas of francophone literary culture outside France, principally Anglo-Norman, have been the subject of sustained research, the 'Frenchness' of texts written in French has in practice rarely been questioned. As a result, the nature and extent of the dissemination of French culture and francophone literary traditions outside France remains under-researched and imprecisely calibrated. Furthermore, texts transmitted in 'non-standard' forms of French have often been dismissed as flawed or bowdlerized, unworthy of attention. This project proposes an investigation of medieval francophone literary culture that will be centred not on France but rather on two important axes of transmission of francophone textual culture: one that goes from England across Flanders, to Burgundy and beyond; another across the Alps to Northern Italy and then out into the Mediterranean and further afield to Cyprus and the Levant. Paris contributes to these axes, but does not necessarily stand at their centre. Rather than considering simply where texts come from and their earliest form, we will investigate where they go: when, in what form and why they travel. The provenance of manuscripts is rarely studied systematically (often simply not noted in catalogues or critical editions), so that in many instances a manuscript with texts in French is implicitly assumed to be 'French', without the value of the term being considered. Yet it is clear that a substantial proportion of surviving manuscripts for some widely disseminated medieval texts in French comes from outside France. The extent of the phenomenon is unknown, and this is precisely what we will endeavour to establish.The project focuses upon 6 major francophone textual traditions from the 12th and 13th c. that have a pan-European dissemination in the 13th and 14th c., as well as strong legacies of translations/adaptations in other languages: the Roman d'Alexandre, the Roman de Troie, the Lancelot and Tristan en prose, the Roman de la Rose and Brunetto Latini's Trésor. Our aim is to map, insofar and as accurately as is possible, the dissemination of these texts by determining the provenance of surviving manuscripts, and their trajectory. Because traditional scholarship has been largely concerned with the establishment of authoritative 'originals' and generally been less interested in what becomes of texts as they are transmitted, this new research will reveal a considerable body of hitherto occluded data on the dissemination of francophone literary culture.Our first aim is to provide solid empirical data on the dissemination of these texts through time and space. Using this empirical data, the project team will address a series of more speculative questions concerning the use of French as a marker of cultural identity outside France.1) In what social and cultural milieus were francophone texts composed and disseminated outside France? 2) Is there a transnational francophone literary culture, and how does it vary? 3) Does the focus and form of medieval francophone literary texts change as they migrate? 4) Do sites of production and transmission outside France influence literary traditions in France? 5) Does literary French imply a cultural identity? If so, is this necessarily associated with France? 6) Should cultural identities be reconceived as mobile, produced by movement as much as by place?7) What is the cultural freight of non-standard and hybrid forms of French? 8) How do non-standard forms influence our understanding of what French is? 9) Are there implications for literary history?