TRANSLATING AND CENSORING CULTURAL DIFFERENCE IN FRANCO'S SPAIN

1939年至1976年间，西班牙翻译和出版商受到严厉的控制和监视，目的是阻碍或限制外国思想在读者中传播。事实上，审查制度在西班牙的集体记忆中留下了如此深刻的印记，以至于它经常被视为佛朗哥统治期间缺乏基本自由的最好例证。这就是为什么学者们一直在审查和不审查之间划清界限，将威权政权等同于清除书籍，将民主等同于言论自由。这个前提带来了几个潜在的后果：首先，它将对这种做法及其影响的理解限制在特定的历史时期（1939-1976）；其次，这意味着审查完全是由政府的法律机制强加的；第三，它表明作家和出版商与政权进行了一场不平衡的斗争，除了试图将禁止性政策对他们工作的影响降到最低之外，几乎没有什么收获。该项目的主要目的是挑战这些被广泛接受的假设，并通过关注在佛朗哥和民主西班牙出版的英语文本的变化功能来探索文化互动的机制。伊恩·弗莱明（Ian Fleming）的《诺博士》（Dr No）就是一个很好的例子，它揭示了翻译在文学体系中的地位是如何由无数经济、文化和社会因素决定的。正如将会展示的那样，出版这部小说的尝试遭到了西班牙审查人员的强烈反对，他们认为它颠覆了东道国文化的主导价值，因此迫使编辑大量删减。然而，审查制度对这本书的影响并没有随着政权的灭亡而结束，因为《诺博士》的两个删节版在21世纪初重印，现在书店里还能买到。通过对诺曼·梅勒的《裸者与死者》、艾伦·西利托的《周六夜与周日早晨》、约翰·多斯·帕索斯的《平行42》和穆丽尔·斯帕克的《简·布罗迪小姐的青春》等经典作品的分析，弗莱明的小说绝不是一个例外。该项目还将研究政治和哲学著作的翻译和审查，这是一个被学者们忽视的领域。为了填补这一重要空白，本专著的一章将专门探讨伯特兰·罗素作品的接受情况。通过分析上述文本的语境以及译者的选择和策略，既可以揭示佛朗哥统治下西班牙文化他者的文本再现，也可以揭示外国文化范式在战后文学领域的根本重要性。通过检查保存在档案馆Administración （alcal<e:1> de Henares）的审查记录，比较同一文本的不同版本，分析代表不同类型的一些案例研究的生产背景，该项目着手探索审查者，出版商和译者在意义配置中的作用，从而了解他们在调解阅读过程中的作用。从广义上讲，本研究的主要目的有两个：一方面，证明翻译在20世纪60年代西班牙文化复兴中的关键作用；另一方面，为了证明审查制度对西班牙出版部门的影响的重要性远远超出了佛朗哥的独裁统治，因为这种做法仍然影响着当前的文化政策。这个项目有争议的前提是，由于出版商继续向公众提供删节的翻译，审查制度在文化生活中仍然发挥着重要作用，因此不能仅仅被认为是一个历史事件，与现在几乎没有关系。

SUMMARYBetween 1939-1976, Spanish translators and publishers were subjected to harsh methods of control and surveillance which aimed at impeding or restricting the circulation of foreign ideas among the reading public. In fact, censorship left such a deep imprint on Spain's collective memory that it is often regarded as the best illustration of the lack of basic freedoms during Franco's rule. This is why until now scholars have drawn a firm line between censorship and non-censorship, equating the authoritarian regime with the purging of books and democracy with freedom of expression. Several underlying consequences follow from this premise: firstly, it limits the understanding of this practice and its effects to a specific historical period (1939-1976); secondly, it implies that censorship was exclusively imposed by the government's legal mechanisms; thirdly, it suggests that writers and publishers were engaged in an uneven struggle with the regime in which little could be gained other than trying to minimise the impact of prohibitive policies on their work. The main aim of this project is to challenge these widely accepted assumptions and explore the mechanisms by which cultures interact by focusing on the changing function of a number of texts rendered from English and published in both Franco's and democratic Spain.A case in point is Ian Fleming's Dr No, a revealing example of how the position of translations in the literary system is determined by a myriad of economic, cultural and social factors. As will be demonstrated, attempts to publish the novel were met with fierce opposition by the Spanish censors, who considered that it subverted the dominant values of the host culture and for this reason forced substantial cuts upon the editor. The effects of censorship on this text, however, did not end with the regime's demise, since two expurgated versions of Dr No were reprinted in the early 2000s and are still available in bookshops. The analysis of a number of canonical works such as Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead, Allan Sillitoe's Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, John Dos Passos's Parallel 42 and Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie will make apparent that Fleming's novel is by no means an exception. This project will also examine the translation and censoring of political and philosophical works, an area which has been neglected by scholars. In order to fill this important void, one chapter of the monograph will be devoted to exploring the reception of Bertrand Russell's oeuvre. The analysis of the context under which the above texts were published and the translators's choices and strategies will shed light on both the textual representation of the cultural other in Franco's Spain and the fundamental importance of foreign cultural paradigms in the post-war literary field.By examining the censorship records kept at the Archivo General de la Administración (Alcalá de Henares), comparing different renditions of the same text and analysing the context of production of a number of case studies representing different genres, this project sets out to explore the role of the censor, the publisher and the translator in the configuration of meaning and thereby to understand their role in mediating the reading process. In broad terms, the main goal of this research is twofold: on the one hand, to demonstrate the key role of translation in the Spanish cultural recovery of the 1960s; on the other, to prove that the importance of examining the impact of censorship on the Spanish publishing sector extends well beyond Franco's dictatorship, since this practice is still impinging on current cultural policies. The controversial premise of this project is that, since publishers have continued to offer excised translations to the public, censorship still plays an important function in cultural life and thereforecannot be considered a mere historical episode that has little or no relevance to the present.