Free-reins and guiding-hands: Iron Age and early Roman chariot fittings from western and central Britain

该项目是对铁器时代和早期罗马战车在英国西部和中部的新研究。这些高度变化和频繁装饰的战车轭配件几乎完全是一个孤立的现象，其起源可以追溯到青铜时代晚期。在爱尔兰和欧洲大陆只发现了少数类似的发现，大部分或全部可能是从英国出口的。除硬币和胸针外，塔雷特也是铁器时代英国现存最常见的铜合金人工制品，也是最丰富的马匹陷阱类型。它们也经常出现在公元一世纪和二世纪的背景下，很明显，罗马的扩张在铁器时代的社区中为它们的制造、展示和通过还愿使用而丢弃提供了新的和广泛的动力。鉴于它们在洞察诸如社会和地区身份变化、军事展示和冲突、远距离接触和运输以及罗马入侵后的文化适应等问题方面的明显潜力，自利兹（1933）设计了一个基本分类以来，令人惊讶的是，它们很少受到关注。最后一次参考研究是在35年前进行的，但当时英国对“凯尔特”艺术进行了更广泛的重新评估（Spratling 1972; MacGregor 1976）。它们利用了现在已知的不到25%的土垒，并且受到地理范围（分别是英国南部和北方）和过度依赖从年代上有限的储藏和埋葬发现中获得的材料的限制。尽管发现的样本更大一些（仍然<50%），类似的限制也适用于Palk（1988）未发表的关于马服饰的博士论文。在过去的二十年里，特别是自PAS成立的1997年以来，terret发现增加了一倍多，最近AHRC“Enchantment技术”项目产生的数据库中记录了600多个挖掘和检测发现。这些包括在威尔士、东米德兰兹郡、西米德兰兹郡和约克郡等地区发现的独特的新品种和重要的新集群，这些地区以前的例子相对较少（Worrell 2007）。我们估计，现在的总数是700-800，可能比以前可用的样本更能代表terret类型的时间和地理变化范围。与此同时，现在有独立的证据表明，一些关键的封闭发现含有terrets（Garrow等人，2009年），而金属分析已经确定了明显的成分之间的差异，许多英国中部的terrets从第一/第二世纪的背景和早期制造（Dungworth 1996年）。这些数据将允许一个更精确的类型年代学构建terrets。它们将允许它们出现在不同的地区，不同类型的场地和景观环境中，并与其他战车配件和待分析的物体类型经常发生关联。为了使该项目对博士生来说易于管理，新数据收集和分析的主要重点将是英国西部和中部，因为这是在之前的研究中受到最少关注的地区，但在东安格利亚发现了这一点（截至2004年，PAS记录的所有新的terrets的53%），英格兰中南部，英格兰东南部，将酌情利用英格兰北方和苏格兰进行比较分析。 通过对这些独特物品的详细研究和解释，该项目将（1）为研究主题开辟重要的新途径，如铁器时代英国的社会和军事展示;生产的特征和组织;商品和思想的交换;以及铁器时代-罗马时代差异中身份和信仰的变化表达;（2）为AC-NMW收藏品和其他博物馆提供额外的背景，

The project is for a new study of Iron Age and early Roman chariot terrets (rein-guides) in western and central Britain. These highly variable and frequently decorated fittings on chariot yokes are almost wholly an insular phenomenon and trace their origins to the late Bronze Age. Only a handful of comparable finds are known from Ireland and the European mainland, most or all probably exports from Britain. Excluding coins and brooches, the terret is also the commonest form of copper-alloy artefact surviving from Iron Age Britain and the most abundant type of horse trapping. They also occur regularly in contexts dating to the first and second centuries AD and it is clear that Roman expansion gave a new and widespread impetus amongst Iron Age communities for their manufacture, use for display and discard through votive use. Given their evident potential for generating insights into issues such as changing social and regional identities, martial display and conflict, long-distance contacts and transport, and acculturation following the Roman invasion, terrets have received surprisingly little attention since Leeds (1933) devised a basic classification. The last reference studies were undertaken over 35 years ago, but in the context of wider reappraisals of 'Celtic' art in Britain (Spratling 1972; MacGregor 1976). These utilised <25% of the terrets now known and were further restricted both by their geographical remit (southern and northern Britain respectively) and overdependence on material from a chronologically limited range of hoard and burial finds. Despite a somewhat larger sample of finds (still <50%), similar limitations apply to Palk's (1988) unpublished PhD on horse trappings.In the last two decades, especially since 1997 when the PAS was established, terret finds have more than doubled, with over 600 excavated and detected finds recorded on the database produced by the recent AHRC 'Technologies of Enchantment' project. These include distinctive new varieties and significant new clusters of finds in regions like Wales, the East and West Midlands and Yorkshire, which previously had relatively few examples (Worrell 2007). We estimate that the total is now 700-800 and likely to be more representative of the range of chronological and geographical variation in terret types than the sample previously available. At the same time, there is now independent dating evidence for some key closed finds containing terrets (Garrow et al 2009), whilst metal analysis has identified apparent compositional differences between many central British terrets from first/second century AD contexts and those of earlier manufacture (Dungworth 1996).Together, these data will permit a more refined typo-chronology to be constructed for terrets. They will allow their presence in different regions, at different types of sites and landscape contexts, and recurrent associations with other chariot fittings and types of objects to be analysed. In order to keep the project manageable for a PhD, the principal focus for new data collection and analysis will be western and central Britain, as the zone which received least attention in previous studies, but finds from East Anglia (which yielded 53% of all new terrets recorded by PAS up to 2004), central southern England, south eastern England, northern England and Scotland will be drawn on as appropriate for comparative analysis. Through the detailed study and interpretation of these distinctive objects, the project will (1) open up important new avenues of research into themes such as social and martial display in Iron Age Britain; the character and organization of production; the exchange of goods and ideas; and the changing expression of identities and beliefs across the Iron Age-Roman divide; (2) provide additional context for AC-NMW collections and other museums with horse trappings in the