Dama International: fallow deer (Dama dama dama) and European society 4000 BC - AD 1600

Dama 国际：小鹿 (Dama dama dama) 和欧洲社会 4000 BC - AD 1600

• 批准号: AH/I026456/1
• 负责人: Naomi Sykes
• 金额: $ 83.03万
• 依托单位: University of Nottingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI026456%2F1
• 关键词: Dama; International; fallow; deer; dama

Visit any stately home and you will find a herd of European fallow deer (Dama dama dama). These elegant animals are one of natural history's puzzles because, despite their name, they are not of European origin: they are native to Turkey from where people have gradually transported them around the globe. The distribution of fallow deer is thus a direct record of human population movements, trade and ideology with the potential to provide cultural evidence of the highest quality and relevance for a range of disciplines and audiences.There are many publications devoted to fallow deer but these largely recycle 'received wisdom'. In fact, astonishingly little is known about fallow deer; their history is obfuscated by ambiguous linguistic, textual, iconographic and archaeological evidence. To rectify this situation we carried out a pilot study, The Fallow Deer Project, whose results have challenged established theories about the species' history and provided new insights into Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Norman society. It also highlighted the scarcity of scientific work on fallow deer and demonstrated how a new dataset will enable us to explore some of the highest-profile issues in European archaeology: e.g. the nature and spread of the Neolithic in the eastern Mediterranean and the structure and worldview of societies in the Bronze Age Aegean, Iron Age Greece and Gaul, and the Roman, Byzantine, Islamic and Norman Empires.To realise this potential, our transdisciplinary team will employ methods proven by our pilot study - e.g. the integration of archaeology, history, geography and anthropology with genetics, stable isotope analysis and osteological research - to answer the following questions:1) Were fallow deer domesticated? Domestication is a high-profile topic but it has been overlooked in relation to D. d. dama. Interestingly, unlike cattle, sheep or horses, fallow deer provide no milk, wool or traction to warrant their maintenance, yet most archaeological Dama lived into old age - what prompted different human groups to form close, long-term relationships with this species?2) Under what circumstances were fallow deer established across Europe? Fallow deer translocation seemingly began in the Neolithic and by the Bronze Age they were established throughout the Aegean. They appear to have held a magico-religious status that endured into the Iron Age and Roman period, when their bones were traded as holy relics. This trade has confused understanding of Dama biogeography but our research indicates that the Romans established the species across Europe. We now need to clarify how, from where and why these animals/body parts were transported. 3) Did the collapse of the Roman Empire cause extirpation of fallow deer? Evidence for fallow deer is scarce in early medieval Europe; however, they may have been present but simply not exploited by people. The results of this question will be considered further in questions 4 and 5. 4) Did the Normans reintroduce fallow deer via Islamic influence?The idea that fallow deer, the Arabic concept of parks and new hunting rituals were exported from the Norman Kingdom of Sicily is based on circumstantial evidence. We will examine all available data from the Islamic and Christian medieval world either to confirm existing beliefs and provide insights into the culture-contact of this period, or to indicate that Roman Dama populations endured in pre-Norman Europe, necessitating a re-assessment of the Norman Conquest's impact. 5) How do human-Dama relationships reveal worldview?It has been shown repeatedly that the relationship between humans and wild animals reflects a society's structure and beliefs. Certainly wherever fallow deer were translocated, they were incorporated into expressions of socio-cultural identity and ideology. We will explore how different human groups negotiated status, gender, religious and cultural beliefs through interactions with fallow deer.

参观任何一个庄严的家，你会发现一群欧洲休闲鹿（Dama dama dama）。这些优雅的动物是自然历史的谜题之一，因为尽管它们的名字，它们不是欧洲起源：它们原产于土耳其，人们逐渐将它们带到地球仪各地。因此，休闲鹿的分布直接记录了人类的人口流动、贸易和意识形态，并有可能为一系列学科和受众提供最高质量和相关性的文化证据。有许多出版物致力于休闲鹿，但这些出版物主要是回收“公认的智慧”。事实上，人们对休闲鹿知之甚少;它们的历史被模糊的语言学、文本、图像学和考古学证据所混淆。为了纠正这种情况，我们进行了一项试点研究，休耕鹿项目，其结果挑战了有关物种历史的既定理论，并为罗马，盎格鲁-撒克逊和诺曼社会提供了新的见解。它还强调了关于休闲鹿的科学工作的稀缺性，并展示了一个新的数据集将如何使我们能够探索欧洲考古学中一些最引人注目的问题：例如，地中海东部新石器时代的性质和传播，青铜时代爱琴海、铁器时代希腊和高卢以及罗马、拜占庭、伊斯兰和诺曼帝国的社会结构和世界观。为了实现这一潜力，我们的跨学科研究团队将采用我们的试点研究所证明的方法-例如将考古学，历史学，地理学和人类学与遗传学，稳定同位素分析和骨学研究相结合-来回答以下问题：1）休鹿是驯养的吗？归化是一个备受关注的话题，但在D。D. dama.有趣的是，与牛、羊或马不同，休鹿不提供牛奶、羊毛或牵引力来保证它们的维持，但大多数考古学上的达玛人都活到了老年--是什么促使不同的人类群体与这个物种形成了密切、长期的关系？2)在什么情况下休耕鹿在欧洲各地建立？休耕鹿易位似乎开始在新石器时代和青铜器时代，他们建立了整个爱琴海。他们似乎拥有一种神奇的宗教地位，这种地位一直持续到铁器时代和罗马时期，当时他们的骨头被当作圣物进行交易。这种贸易混淆了对达玛动物地理学的理解，但我们的研究表明，罗马人在整个欧洲建立了这个物种。我们现在需要澄清这些动物/身体部位是如何、从哪里以及为什么被运送的。3)罗马帝国的崩溃是否导致了野鹿的灭绝？在中世纪早期的欧洲，关于休耕鹿的证据很少;然而，它们可能已经存在，只是没有被人类利用。这个问题的结果将在问题4和5中进一步讨论。4)诺曼人是受伊斯兰教的影响而重新引入休鹿的吗？休耕鹿、阿拉伯人的公园概念和新的狩猎仪式都是从西西里的诺曼王国输出的，这种说法是基于间接证据的。我们将检查所有可用的数据从伊斯兰教和基督教的中世纪世界要么确认现有的信仰，并提供洞察这一时期的文化接触，或表明罗马达玛人口忍受在前诺曼欧洲，需要重新评估诺曼征服的影响。5)人与达玛的关系如何揭示世界观？事实一再表明，人类与野生动物之间的关系反映了一个社会的结构和信仰。当然，无论休耕鹿被迁移到哪里，它们都被纳入社会文化身份和意识形态的表达中。我们将探讨不同的人类群体如何通过与休闲鹿的互动来协商地位，性别，宗教和文化信仰。

项目成果

The 'Elemental (re)Turn': the archaeology of elemental philosophy and humoral principles

“元素（重新）转向”：元素哲学和体液原则的考古学

• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Archaeological Dialogues
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Jones R

The relationship between the phosphate and structural carbonate fractionation of fallow deer bioapatite in tooth enamel.

• DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8324
• 发表时间: 2019-01-30
• 期刊: Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
• 作者: Miller H;Chenery C;Lamb AL;Sloane H;Carden RF;Atici L;Sykes N
• 通讯作者: Sykes N

Strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the Neolithic: the European fallow deer (Dama dama dama).

• DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.11
• 发表时间: 2017-07
• 期刊: Heredity
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Baker KH;Gray HWI;Ramovs V;Mertzanidou D;Akın Pekşen Ç;Bilgin CC;Sykes N;Hoelzel AR
• 通讯作者: Hoelzel AR

From Icon of Empire to National Emblem: the Fallow Deer of Barbuda.

从帝国标志到国徽：巴布达小鹿。

• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: Baker, K

The Cultural History of the Fallow Deer

小鹿的文化史

• 作者: Miller H