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Mapping Memories of Slavery: Commemoration, Community and Identity in Contemporary France

绘制奴隶制记忆：当代法国的纪念、社区和身份

基本信息

批准号：
AH/L003937/1
负责人：
Nicola Frith
金额：
$ 7.68万
依托单位：
Bangor University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL003937%2F1
关键词：
Mapping Memories Slavery Commemoration Community

项目摘要

'Mapping Memories of Slavery' explores how commemorative associations located in France and its overseas departments are challenging the state's failure to engage with the history of slavery. It begins with the 150-year anniversary of the abolition of slavery (1998) that was celebrated in France under Chirac's presidency (1995-2007) and gave rise to the passing of a landmark law (Taubira Law, 21 May 2001). After decades of silence, this law retrospectively recognized slavery as 'a crime against humanity' and committed the Republic to overcoming its former refusal to confront this difficult past. In reality, however, little has since been done at a national level to honour this legal pledge beyond the most perfunctory commemorative 'duties' performed each year by the state on 10 May (2006-). In the absence of a genuine effort to address the history of slavery and incorporate it into the nation's narrative, numerous commemorative associations have, since 1998, emerged across the French Republic. Their projects, which range from political campaigns to re-baptise streets named after former slavers to the reconstruction of a pedagogical slave ship, collectively aim to valorise the identities of those descended from slavery. The desire to create visible and, at times, violent sites of memory in which the voices of these descendants can be heard has much to say about the construction of postcolonial identities and memories in France today. In the absence of a state memory, the study of the relationship of these commemorative associations to the past therefore exposes the changing role of the nation-state as an increasingly nebulous point of reference for identity formation.This project has two primary aims. First, it seeks to assess the efficacy of the state's commemorative practices from the perspective of those most affected by this history. Primarily, it will examine the extent to which the government has achieved its legal intention to offer moral reparations to the descendants of slaves by ensuring that the memories of slavery, the slave trade and its abolition become embedded within the national narrative. Second, it aims to explore the ways in which commemorative associations have encountered and countered state-led memorial practices with models of remembrance that often challenge the Republic's celebrated motto: 'Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité'. Indeed, these are projects that remind us that the racism, inequality and social division of contemporary society remain some of the most divisive legacies of the colonial past.As the first complete study of memory and identity formation among commemorative associations, this project will work with twelve citizen groups based in Paris, the former slave ports of Nantes and Bordeaux, and the former plantation colonies of Réunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe. Drawing its primary data from archival work in government and museum centres, complemented with key stakeholder interviews with association members, artists, local politicians and government committees, it will compare the planning and execution of state- and association-led commemorative events from different perspectives. In addition, it will gather the responses of local and national media, and the wider community, to these occasions. Through these sources, it will present an in-depth picture of the divergence of opinion that exists between the contemporary French state and its citizens over the remembrance of slavery and the slave trade. In doing so, will reveal the complex and dynamic ways in which identities and memories are being formed in a society with an increasingly weak sense of Republicanism. These discrete case studies thus serve as the basis for offering a new theoretical model for understanding postcolonial identity formations within and beyond the nation-state and the increasingly fragile relationships between the French state and its citizens as they attempt to work through the legacies of the past.

“映射奴隶制的记忆”探讨了位于法国及其海外部门的纪念协会如何挑战国家未能参与奴隶制历史。首先是希拉克总统（1995-2007年）期间法国纪念废除奴隶制150周年（1998年），并通过了一项具有里程碑意义的法律（陶比拉法，2001年5月21日）。经过几十年的沉默，这部法律回顾性地承认奴隶制是“危害人类罪”，并承诺共和国克服其以前拒绝面对这一困难的过去。然而，事实上，除了每年5月10日（2006年-）国家履行的最敷衍的纪念“职责”之外，在国家一级几乎没有做什么来履行这一法律的承诺。由于没有真正努力解决奴隶制历史问题并将其纳入国家叙事，自1998年以来，法兰西共和国各地出现了许多纪念协会。他们的项目，从政治运动到重新洗礼以前奴隶主命名的街道，再到重建一艘教学奴隶船，都旨在提高奴隶制后裔的身份认同。创造可见的，有时是暴力的记忆场所的愿望，在那里可以听到这些后裔的声音，这对今天法国后殖民身份和记忆的构建有很大的影响。因此，在缺乏国家记忆的情况下，对这些纪念性协会与过去的关系的研究揭示了民族国家作为身份形成的一个越来越模糊的参照点的不断变化的作用。本项目有两个主要目标。首先，它试图从那些受这段历史影响最大的人的角度来评估国家纪念活动的有效性。首先，它将审查政府在多大程度上实现了其法律的意图，即通过确保奴隶制、奴隶贸易及其废除的记忆嵌入国家叙事，向奴隶后裔提供道德赔偿。其次，它旨在探讨纪念协会如何以纪念模式应对和反击国家主导的纪念做法，这些做法往往挑战共和国著名的座右铭：“自由、平等、博爱”。事实上，这些项目提醒我们，当代社会的种族主义、不平等和社会分裂仍然是殖民历史遗留下来的最具分裂性的遗产。作为第一个对纪念协会的记忆和身份形成的完整研究，这个项目将与巴黎、前奴隶港南特和波尔多以及前种植园殖民地留尼汪的12个公民团体合作，马提尼克和瓜德罗普。从政府和博物馆中心的档案工作中提取主要数据，并辅以与协会成员，艺术家，当地政治家和政府委员会的主要利益相关者访谈，它将从不同角度比较国家和协会领导的纪念活动的规划和执行。此外，它还将收集地方和国家媒体以及更广泛的社区对这些场合的反应。通过这些来源，它将深入了解当代法国国家及其公民在纪念奴隶制和奴隶贸易方面存在的意见分歧。在这样做的过程中，将揭示身份和记忆在一个社会中形成的复杂和动态的方式，这个社会的社会主义意识越来越弱。因此，这些离散的案例研究提供了一个新的理论模型的基础上，了解后殖民身份的形成内外的民族国家和法国国家及其公民之间日益脆弱的关系，因为他们试图通过过去的遗产工作。