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Women Negotiating the Boundaries of Justice: Britain and Ireland c.1100-c.1750

妇女谈判正义的界限：英国和爱尔兰 c.1100-c.1750

基本信息

批准号：
AH/L013568/1
负责人：
Deborah Youngs
金额：
$ 89.48万
依托单位：
Swansea University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL013568%2F1
关键词：
Women Negotiating Boundaries Justice Britain

项目摘要

How did women access and gain justice in Britain before 1750? What choices did they have and what disadvantages did they face? What strategies did women use to engage with courts and court officials? How did these vary according to national boundaries, language, ethnic identity, confessional identity and class? And how did they change over time? This project seeks to provide substantive answers to these questions, utilising evidence from cases heard in England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland between 1100 and 1750. Although the history of women's lives in medieval and early modern Britain and Ireland has formed the subject of numerous studies, necessitating some discussion of the legal frameworks (particularly pertaining to marriage and property) within which they lived, the subject of women's engagement with the law, and experience of justice within the multiple courts and jurisdictions in the regions under scrutiny, has been rather less well researched. When studies appear, they are either narrowly-focused on specific topics or archives, and thus of limited value for assessing women's broader experiences, or claim to take a broader view but in fact base their conclusions on extrapolations from those same, limited case studies. In addition, English cases have dominated the field: if Irish, Welsh or Scottish materials have been explored at all, it has been on rigidly national lines, with little or no comparison or consideration of points of contact and similarity between women's strategies in different judicial environments.The research team aims to produce a study that can act both as a guide to methodology - critiquing previous work, highlighting gaps in archival resources and studies, and establishing frameworks for applying gender to legal history - and as a conceptual, practical demonstration of the power of comparative history to illustrate underlying structural and ideological constraints on women's agency before the law. That is not to say that we shall be treating women in isolation: we are not 'unmooring' them from the gendered, familial and local contexts within which they lived their daily lives. How they identified themselves, and how they were recorded in court proceedings, reveals for example how using a father's name took on a particular importance over a woman's marital identification in many of the contexts under scrutiny.The resources for this study will include both records from secular and church courts, and will encompass civil and criminal cases. Samples will range from the Anglo-Norman state (where Jewish women will be considered alongside Christians), the English colony in Ireland, local courts in Wales and the Welsh use of central courts, and women in the legal landscape of Scotland before and after Union. The period studied reflects a time of significant political change and social upheaval in British and Irish history, when the state's physical boundaries, administrative structures and religious identity were all shifting and evolving. The law in some sense provided some continuity through this period, but the complexity of jurisdictions, overlapping, competing, local and central, religious and secular, meant that similar courts in different regions might differ a great deal (for example, there is a marked lack of regulation of sexuality in Irish church courts compared with those in Scotland and England). We shall consider: the choice of court/s to which a case could be taken; whether male representation was required or requested; what languages were used by the courts and by the plaintiffs and defendants, and how these were recorded; whether women had to undertake lengthy journeys to attend; avenues of appeal; forms of petition; strategies (including absence) employed. True comparison can only be achieved by starting from the court user's perspective, seeking to understand her experience of the law, and applying a common set of questions to all of the samples.

在1750年前，英国妇女是如何获得和获得正义的？他们有什么选择，他们面临着什么劣势？妇女使用什么策略与法院和法院官员打交道？这些是如何根据国界、语言、民族认同、忏悔认同和阶级的不同而变化的？它们是如何随着时间的推移而变化的？该项目试图利用1100年至1750年期间在英格兰、爱尔兰、威尔士和苏格兰审理的案件的证据，为这些问题提供实质性的答案。尽管中世纪和近代早期英国和爱尔兰的妇女生活史已经形成了许多研究的主题，需要对她们所生活的法律框架(特别是关于婚姻和财产的法律框架)进行一些讨论，但关于妇女参与法律的主题，以及在所审查的地区的多个法院和司法管辖区内的司法经验，研究得相当少。当研究出现时，它们要么狭隘地集中在特定的主题或档案上，因此对评估妇女更广泛的经历的价值有限，要么声称采取更广泛的观点，但实际上其结论建立在同样有限的案例研究的推断基础上。此外，英国的案例在该领域占据主导地位：如果爱尔兰、威尔士或苏格兰的材料被探索过，它一直处于僵化的国家线上，很少或根本没有比较或考虑不同司法环境中妇女战略之间的接触点和相似性。研究小组的目标是产生一项研究，既可以作为方法论指南--批评以前的工作，突出档案资源和研究中的差距，并建立将性别应用于法律历史的框架--也可以作为比较历史力量的概念和实践证明，以说明法律面前对妇女机构的潜在结构和意识形态制约。这并不是说我们将孤立地对待女性：我们不会让她们脱离她们日常生活所处的性别、家庭和当地背景。例如，他们如何表明自己的身份，以及他们如何在法庭程序中被记录下来，揭示了在许多被仔细审查的背景下，使用父亲的名字对女性的婚姻身份识别具有特殊的重要性。这项研究的资源将包括来自世俗和教会法院的记录，并将包括民事和刑事案件。样本范围包括盎格鲁-诺曼州(在那里犹太女性将与基督徒一起被考虑)，英格兰在爱尔兰的殖民地，威尔士的地方法院和威尔士对中央法院的使用，以及苏格兰法律领域在联合前后的女性。所研究的时期反映了英国和爱尔兰历史上一个重大的政治变革和社会动荡时期，当时国家的自然边界、行政结构和宗教认同都在变化和演变。法律在某种意义上为这段时期提供了一些连续性，但司法管辖区的复杂性、重叠、竞争、地方和中央、宗教和世俗，意味着不同地区的类似法院可能会有很大不同(例如，与苏格兰和英格兰的法院相比，爱尔兰教会法院明显缺乏对性行为的监管)。我们将考虑：选择法院/S受理案件；是否要求或要求男性代表；法院和原告和被告使用什么语言，以及如何记录这些语言；妇女是否必须长途跋涉才能出庭；上诉途径；请愿形式；采用的策略(包括缺席)。真正的比较只能从法庭使用者的角度出发，寻求理解她对法律的经验，并对所有样本应用一组共同的问题。