Dirty Assets: Experiences, reflections, and lessons learnt from a decade of legislation on criminal money laundering and terrorism financing

肮脏资产：十年洗钱和恐怖主义融资犯罪立法的经验、反思和教训

• 批准号: AH/L014920/1
• 负责人: Colin King
• 金额: $ 4.62万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FL014920%2F1
• 关键词: Dirty; Assets; Experiences; reflections; lessons

Contemporary, public, images of organised crime are influenced by media and/ or Hollywood representations of 'organised crime' in, eg, The Godfather, The Sopranos, and The Wire. This depiction has created a popular imagery of what 'organised' crime is. Public opinion naturally reflects this picture, reinforced by politicians/ policy discourse that organised crime is a hierarchical structure requiring significant new policing powers to effectively combat it. Organised crime is now a central feature of policy discourse in the crime debate. Similarly, terrorism is depicted as a Tier 1 national security threat, and debates about the threat and counter-measures have been prominent for a decade or more.Yet, policy discourse on organised crime and terrorism is inadequately informed by evidence-led research. This is especially apparent in 'follow the money' approaches to tackling such crime, which are presumed: to operate as a deterrent; to disrupt criminal networks/ markets; to improve detection rates; and to result in increased intelligence flows to policing agencies. Yet, criminological research has proved that this is not necessarily so. Moreover, despite extensive lawmaking in this field (eg the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, the Terrorism Act 2000, the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, and the Terrorist Asset Freezing etc Act 2010), there is little evidence that 'follow the money' approaches are impacting upon organised crime or terrorist activities. There is a need for evaluation of the 'impact' of these pieces of legislation. A decade on from the enactment of the anti-money laundering/ proceeds of crime/ anti-terrorist financing legislation provides an opportune time to step back and evaluate 'follow the money' approaches, and to identify future directions in policy, practice and research.'Following the money' represents an alternative approach to conventional policing stratagems to tackling organised crime and/ or terrorism. This network will bring together policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to explore emerging issues, including: - How do we measure the success of the responsive regime?- What impacts does an anti-assets strategy have on disrupting criminal or terrorism activity and reducing harm to society?- Is it possible to quantify the impact of disrupting organised criminal activity, as compared to more conventional 'ordinary' crime?- What are the main difficulties in institutional or operational forms facing law enforcement agencies when putting into operation an anti-assets strategy?- How does the anti-asset strategy impact on online currencies (eg Bitcoin)?- Are there further institutional or operational tools or opportunities which might improve the anti-assets strategy? - What are the costs of the anti-assets strategy (especially in terms of monetary costs and cost to individual rights)?- What experiences can be learned as between anti-criminal and anti-terrorist sectors and from other jurisdictions? This network will draw upon experiences from other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, Canada, Italy, and Bulgaria. International action (eg FATF Recommendations; UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism) and actors (eg FATF; MONEYVAL; GRECO) will further inform discussion. The network will engage different academic disciplines (eg law, business, political science, sociology, criminology) as well as key stakeholders from policy and practice.

有组织犯罪的当代公共形象受到媒体和/或好莱坞对“有组织犯罪”表现的影响，例如《教父》、《黑道家族》和《火线》。这种描述创造了一种关于什么是“有组织”犯罪的流行形象。公众舆论自然地反映了这一情况，并得到政治家/政策话语的强化，即有组织犯罪是一种等级结构，需要新的重要警力来有效打击它。有组织犯罪现已成为犯罪辩论中政策讨论的核心特征。同样，恐怖主义被描述为一级国家安全威胁，关于威胁和对策的争论已经持续了十年或更长时间。然而，关于有组织犯罪和恐怖主义的政策讨论并没有得到足够的证据主导的研究的支持。这在打击此类犯罪的“追随金钱”方法中尤其明显，这些方法被认为：起到威慑作用；扰乱犯罪网络/市场；提高检测率；并导致流向警务机构的情报增加。然而，犯罪学研究证明事实并非如此。此外，尽管该领域制定了广泛的立法（例如《2002年犯罪收益法》、《2000年恐怖主义法》、《2001年反恐怖主义、犯罪和安全法》以及《2010年恐怖分子资产冻结法》），但几乎没有证据表明“追随金钱”方法正在影响有组织犯罪或恐怖活动。有必要评估这些立法的“影响”。反洗钱/犯罪收益/反恐怖主义融资立法颁布已有十年，这为我们提供了一个适当的时机来退后一步，评估“追随资金”方法，并确定政策、实践和研究的未来方向。“追随资金”代表了打击有组织犯罪和/或恐怖主义的传统警务策略的另一种方法。该网络将汇集政策制定者、从业者和研究人员，探讨新出现的问题，包括： - 我们如何衡量响应机制的成功？ - 反资产战略对破坏犯罪或恐怖主义活动和减少对社会的伤害有什么影响？ - 与更传统的“普通”犯罪相比，是否有可能量化破坏有组织犯罪活动的影响？ - 法律面临的制度或运作形式的主要困难是什么 - 反资产策略对在线货币（例如比特币）有何影响？ - 是否有进一步的制度或操作工具或机会可以改进反资产策略？ - 反资产战略的成本是多少（特别是在货币成本和个人权利成本方面）？ - 反犯罪和反恐部门以及其他司法管辖区可以学到哪些经验？该网络将借鉴其他司法管辖区的经验，包括美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、意大利和保加利亚。国际行动（例如 FATF 建议、联合国制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约）和参与者（例如 FATF、MONEYVAL、GRECO）将进一步为讨论提供信息。该网络将涉及不同的学科（例如法律、商业、政治学、社会学、犯罪学）以及来自政策和实践的主要利益相关者。

项目成果

Counter Terrorism Financing: A redundant fragmentation?

反恐融资：冗余的碎片化？

• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: New Journal of European Criminal Law
• 作者: King, C