Hitting Them Where It Hurts: The history and development of Civil Recovery powers under the Proceeds of Crime Act (2002 - 2016).

直击痛处：《犯罪收益法》（2002 - 2016 年）下民事追偿权力的历史和发展。

• 批准号: AH/P00640X/1
• 负责人: Colin King
• 金额: $ 15.98万
• 依托单位: University of Sussex
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP00640X%2F1
• 关键词: Hitting; Them; Where; Hurts; history

Civil recovery allows the State to confiscate assets even in the absence of criminal conviction. Thus, there are significant implications for the content and procedures of criminal law and evidence.In January 2016, the Home Affairs Select Committee launched its Inquiry into the Proceeds of Crime Act. In November 2015, the National Security Strategy emphasised the importance of targeting criminal assets, promising to: 'introduce new measures to make the UK a more hostile place for those seeking to move, hide or use the proceeds of crime and corruption or to evade sanctions.' (p.42) Following critical assessment of post-conviction confiscation orders by both the National Audit Office (2013 & 2016) and the Public Accounts Committee (2014), it is unsurprising that there is now even greater attention on 'civil recovery' provisions under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA). This research project will examine the history, policy issues, and legislative developments (ie the pre-POCA phase of research), and contrast these with post-POCA (2002-2016) developments, using documentary analysis and research interviews. These interviews will be conducted with key actors in the criminal justice system, offering new insights into the development of civil recovery, and the consequent impact on criminal law, evidence, and procedure. The issues to be explored in the research interviews have been identified, and refined, following a pilot study carried out between November 2015 and February 2016.In tackling organised crime the tactic of 'following the money' is now a central feature of government policy , gaining a particularly strong foothold in the build up to the UK Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, subsequent legislative amendments, and judicial interpretation of the legal provisions. That focus on criminal finances continues unabated today (see above). Yet, policy is all too often inadequately informed by evidence-led research on historical development, policy issues, and legislative change (including judicial interpretations). Now is an ideal time to step back and reflect upon the development of civil recovery powers, and their impact on criminal law, evidence, and procedures - from the date of enactment up to the date of the Home Affairs Select Committee Inquiry (2002 - 2016).This project will build upon the extensive work I have already conducted in this area, which has enabled me to identify key areas that require deeper examination. The specific focus of this project has been further refined in consultation with leading stakeholders, and I have established an excellent policy and practice focused Advisory Board, with representatives of:- the National Crime Agency, - the Home Office, - Eurojust, and - Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). The main outputs from this project will be:- a monograph entitled 'Civil Recovery of Criminal Assets' which is under contract with Oxford University Press;- four peer-reviewed articles in leading journals;- a series of presentations at academic and practitioner events;- Executive Summaries produced in consultation with the project Advisory Board;- an end of project, practitioner-focused, workshop;- podcasts from the project workshop; and - a conference to support emerging researchers in this field of study. These outputs will be of benefit to a wide audience, from academic, policy, and practice backgrounds.This project will build upon my previous research over the past decade. Whereas my previous research focused on a doctrinal analysis of proceeds of crime legislation, this project is driven by a new focus - combining documentary analysis and research interviews - exploring historical development, policy issues, and legislative responses (both pre-POCA and post-POCA (2002-2016)), drawing upon insights from key actors in the UK and delivering fresh perspectives on the controversial civil recovery powers.

民事追回允许国家即使在没有刑事定罪的情况下没收资产。2016年1月，内政事务特别委员会（Home Affairs Select Committee）启动了对《犯罪收益法》（Proceeds of Crime Act）的调查。2015年11月，国家安全战略强调了打击犯罪资产的重要性，承诺：“采取新措施，使英国成为那些寻求转移、隐藏或使用犯罪和腐败所得或逃避制裁的人更加敌对的地方。在国家审计署（2013年和2016年）和公共账户委员会（2014年）对定罪后没收令进行了严格评估之后，毫不奇怪，现在对2002年《犯罪收益法》（POCA）下的“民事追回”条款更加关注。该研究项目将研究历史，政策问题和立法发展（即研究的前POCA阶段），并将其与后POCA（2002 - 2016）的发展进行对比，使用文献分析和研究访谈。这些访谈将与刑事司法系统中的主要参与者进行，为民事恢复的发展提供新的见解，以及对刑法，证据和程序的影响。在2015年11月至2016年2月期间进行的试点研究之后，已经确定并完善了研究访谈中要探索的问题。在打击有组织犯罪方面，"跟踪金钱"的策略现在是政府政策的核心特征，在建立2002年英国犯罪收益法，随后的立法修正案，以及对法律的规定的司法解释。这种对犯罪资金的关注今天仍然有增无减（见上文）。然而，政策往往没有充分地从历史发展、政策问题和立法变化（包括司法解释）的循证研究中获得信息。现在是一个理想的时机，让我们退一步，反思民事追讨权力的发展，及其对刑事法律、证据和程序的影响--从制定之日起，直至民政事务专责委员会进行调查之日为止（2002 - 2016年）。该项目将建立在我已经在这一领域开展的广泛工作的基础上，这使我能够确定需要更深入研究的关键领域。该项目的具体重点已在与主要利益攸关方的磋商中得到进一步完善，我已经建立了一个以政策和实践为重点的优秀咨询委员会，其代表来自：-国家犯罪署，-内政部，-欧洲司法组织，和-皇家联合服务研究所（入寺）。这一项目的主要产出将是：-与牛津大学出版社签订合同的题为"刑事资产的民事追回"的专著;-在主要期刊上发表的四篇经同行审查的文章;-在学术界和从业人员活动中的一系列专题介绍;-与项目咨询委员会协商编写的执行摘要;-项目结束时举办的以律师为重点的讲习班;-项目讲习班的播客;和-一个会议，以支持新兴的研究人员在这一研究领域。这些成果将使来自学术、政策和实践背景的广泛受众受益。这个项目将建立在我过去十年的研究基础上。鉴于我以前的研究集中在犯罪收益立法的理论分析，这个项目是由一个新的重点驱动-结合文献分析和研究访谈-探索历史发展，政策问题和立法反应（POCA前和POCA后（2002 - 2016年）），借鉴英国主要参与者的见解，并就有争议的民事追偿权提供新的观点。

项目成果

Criminal Law Reform Now: Proposals & Critique

现在的刑法改革：建议

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: King, C

Negotiated Justice and Corporate Crime - The Legitimacy of Civil Recovery Orders and Deferred Prosecution Agreements

谈判司法与公司犯罪 - 民事追偿令和暂缓起诉协议的合法性

• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78562-2
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: King C

Dirty money and the new responses of the 21st century

脏钱与21世纪的新反应

• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Innovation in 21st Century Legal Responses
• 作者: Benson K.

The Development of Transnational Policing: Past, Present and Future

跨国警务的发展：过去、现在和未来

• 作者: King, C

Corruption in Commercial Enterprise: Law, Theory and Practice

商业企业腐败：法律、理论与实践

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Campbell EJ