International Health Organizations (IHOs): The history for the future network (International Highlight Notice)

国际卫生组织（IHOs）关注二十一世纪卫生和保健的各个方面。它们的形式多种多样，如世界卫生组织、红十字会、无国界医生组织、世界反兴奋剂机构和基督教援助组织。它们的职责范围广泛，在灾难发生时进行干预，在没有基本保健服务的地方提供基本保健服务，制定标准和促进做法，劝诱各国采取协调一致的行动，并促进对健康和保健的特定看法。然而，情况并非总是如此，超越国界并利用跨国资金和专门知识的卫生机构是最近的历史现象。虽然对特定机构和运动进行了一些研究，但很少将国际卫生组织视为现代卫生和保健史上的一个独特现象。这个网络试图通过汇集历史学家和那些来自相关学科的相关研究兴趣来解决这个问题。它旨在提供对特定时期、组织和案例研究的新见解，同时也探索比较视角的潜力，并从现代健康和医学的更广泛历史中梳理iho。关键问题包括：1。什么议程和意识形态塑造了19世纪和20世纪IHOs的出现？谁建立了IHOs并为其提供资源？为什么？随着时间的推移，这种情况是否发生了变化？iho在多大程度上实现了他们的目标，是什么促成或阻碍了成功？IHOs对其所在地区的影响是什么？当地人在多大程度上支持或反对IHOs ?是什么影响了他们的做法？国际卫生组织的出现在哪些方面对国际关系以及国家和文化内部的国内关系产生了更广泛的影响？在过去的两个世纪里，国际卫生组织的出现告诉了历史学家关于医学史和现代史的什么？历史视角如何塑造当代IHOs的未来战略和发展轨迹？该网络将在过渡时期和iho面临的新挑战中解决这些问题。世卫组织在第六十四届世界卫生大会之后启动了一段内部改革时期，预计将于2015年宣布其第十二个工作总规划，该规划为2016-2025年全组织的干预措施、预算编制和资源分配规划提供框架。这些变化在一定程度上是为了应对危机，例如武装伊斯兰激进组织青年党（al-Shabaab）于2011年禁止国际卫生组织在索马里的方案，以及红十字国际委员会和联合国儿童基金会等组织报告说，在向叙利亚难民和平民提供医疗服务方面仍然存在困难。因此，该网络不仅将历史学家聚集在一起，而且还将吸引那些在今天的iho中工作的人，以便在历史和当代背景之间建立一个界面，以测试对过去的关注能在多大程度上影响未来的战略和政策。

International Health Organisations (IHOs) concern themselves with all aspects of health and healthcare in the twenty-first century. They take forms as varied as the World Health Organisation, the Red Cross/Crescent, Médecins Sans Frontières, the World Anti-Doping Agency and Christian Aid. Their remit is broad and wide-ranging, intervening in times of disaster, providing basic healthcare services where they do not already exist, setting standards and promoting practices, cajoling individual states into concerted action, and promoting particular views of health and healthcare. Yet this has not always been the case, and health agencies that transcend national boundaries and draw on transnational funding and expertise are a recent historical phenomenon. While there is a number of studies of particular institutions and movements, the IHO has rarely been viewed as a distinct phenomenon in the history of health and healthcare in the modern period. This network seeks to address this by bringing together historians and those from related disciplines with relevant research interests. It aims to provide fresh insights into particular periods, organisations and case studies, but also to explore the potential of comparative perspectives, and of teasing IHOs out of the wider history of health and medicine in modernity.Key questions include:1. What agendas and ideologies shaped the emergence of IHOs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?2. Who has established and resourced IHOs, why, and has this changed over time?3. How far have IHOs met their objectives and what shaped or prevented success?4. What impacts have IHOs had in the locales where they have been embedded?5. To what extent have locals worked with or against IHOs and what shaped their approaches?6. In what ways has the emergence of the IHO had wider impacts on international relations, and on domestic relations within countries and cultures?7. What does the emergence of the IHO over the last two centuries tell historians about the history of medicine, and of modernity?8. How can historical perspectives shape future strategies and trajectories for those working with or within contemporary IHOs?The network will tackle these questions at a time of transition and new challenges for IHOs. The WHO launched a period of internal reform after its Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly and in 2015 is expected to announce its 12th General Programme of Work, which provides the framework for an organization-wide programme of interventions, budgeting and resource-allocation for the period 2016-2025. In part these changes have been in response to crises such as the ban in 2011 on IHO programmes in Somalia by al-Shabaab, the armed militant Islamic organisation, and the ongoing difficulties reported by organisations like The International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF in delivering medical services to refugees and the civilian population in Syria. The network will therefore not simply bring together historians, but will also draw in those working in today's IHOs in order to create an interface between history and the contemporary context in order to test how far looking to the past can shape future strategy and policy.